World's Smallest Autonomous Robots Built: Penny-Machine That Swim, Sense and Decide Microscopic Robots Achieve Full Autonomy for the First Time Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan have developed the smallest fully programmable autonomous robots ever built — microscopic machines that swim, sense their surroundings and react without human intervention . Remarkably, each robot costs only a penny and can function for months . So small they are barely visible , the robots measure just 200 by 300 by 50 micrometers , placing them below the size of a grain of salt . Operating on the same scale as many microorganisms , they hold promise for applications ranging from single-cell health monitoring to the construction of tiny engineered systems . The light-powered devices contain microscopic computing units and can be programmed to navigate complex paths, measure temperature variations and adjust their movement accordingly . According to repor...
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