organic molecule smaller faster computing

Newly Discovered Molecule Promises Smaller, Faster Computing Devices

The Evolution of Computing Devices

Today, we all carry, a highly capable computer in our hand—a mobile phone. Computers weren't always this compact. From the 1980s onwards they've shrunk in size and weight while vastly increasing their data storage and processing power. Still, the silicon at their core has physical limits to how small it can go.

The Challenges of Silicon in Modern Computing

"Over the past fifty years, transistor counts on a single chip have doubled biennially," observed Dr. Kun Wang, Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Miami. "Yet we are now approaching silicon's physical limits, and miniaturizing components using the same materials we've relied on for half a century is becoming ever more challenging."

Dr. Wang's Innovative Approach to Molecular Electronics

It is a challenge that Dr. Wang and numerous colleagues in the field of molecular electronics are endeavouring to address. They aim to enable electrical conduction without relying on silicon or metals—the conventional materials used in today's computer chips. Employing molecular-scale materials for components such as transistors, sensors and interconnects holds, significant promise, particularly as silicon-based systems reach their physical and operational thresholds.

The Quest for the Ideal Molecular Material

Identifying the optimal chemical composition for the molecule in question has long eluded researchers. However, Dr. Wang, working alongside his postgraduate students Mehrdad Shiri and Shaocheng Shen, in collaboration with Dr. Jason Azoulay of the Georgia Institute of Technology and Professor Ignacia Franco of the University of Rochester, has unearthed a promising candidate.

A Breakthrough in Molecular Conductivity

This week, the research team unveiled what they consider to be the world's most electrically conductive organic molecule. Detailed in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the breakthrough holds promise for advancing molecular-scale computing. Notably, the molecule comprises naturally occurring elements—primarily carbon, sulphur and nitrogen.

Unprecedented Conductivity in Organic Molecules

"Until now, no molecular material has enabled electrons to traverse it without incurring substantial conductivity loss," explained Wang. "This study marks the first instance of an organic molecule facilitating electron transport across several tens of nanometers without measurable energy dissipation."

The Testing Process

The process of testing and validating their novel molecular compound spanned a period exceeding two years.

Stability and Potential for Future Computing

The team's findings demonstrate that their molecular structures remain stable under ordinary environmental conditions, while exhibiting exceptional electrical conductance across unprecedented distances. These attributes, Wang noted, may usher in a new era of smaller, energy-efficient and economically viable classical computing devices.

Overcoming Traditional Conductivity Limits

At present, a molecule's capacity to conduct electrons diminishes sharply with increased length. However, these innovative molecular 'wires', according to Wang, serve as vital conduits for future information transfer, processing and storage in advanced computing.

Efficiency and Speed of Electron Transport

"What sets our molecular system apart," said Wang, "is that electrons traverse it with the speed of a bullet and without losing energy, making it theoretically the most efficient electron transport mechanism known. It could not only shrink the scale of future electronics but also unlock functionalities unattainable with conventional silicon-based components."

Quantum Computing and the Role of Molecular Systems

According to Wang, the molecule's capabilities may usher in a new era in the realm of quantum information science based on molecular systems.

He remarked that he exceptionally high conductance in their molecules arises form a fascinating interplay of electron spins at either end. Looking ahead, this molecular structure might serve as a qubit—an essential component of quantum computing.

Cutting-Edge Techniques in Molecular Research

The researcher identified these properties by examining their novel molecule under a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Through the STM break-junction method, they successfully isolated a single molecule and measured its conductivity.

Real-World Applications of the Discovery

Shiri, the graduate student, remarked, "This molecule represents a significant step forward for practical applications. Its chemical robustness air stability mean it could be incorporated into existing nanoelectronic components, functioning as an electronic wire or interconnects between chips."

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quantum material breakthrough nanoscale structure

Artificial Two-Dimensional Quantum Materials: Rutgers Merges 'Impossible' Substances for Quantum Innovation

Groundbreaking Quantum Material Synthesis

Researchers from Rutgers University-New Brunswick, along with an international team, have merged two laboratory-synthesized materials to create a synthetic quantum structure once thought impossible, laying groundwork for new materials vital to quantum computing.

Featured as a cover story in Nano Letters, this research details four years of continuous experimentation that culminated in a groundbreaking approach to designing and constructing a nanoscale sandwich of distinct atomic layers.

A Nanoscale Quantum Structure

The microscopic structure comprises two distinct layers:

• Dysprosium titanate — An inorganic material in nuclear reactors for capturing radioactive substances and stabilizing magnetic monopoles.
• Pyrochlore iridate — A cutting-edge magnetic semimetal with exceptional electronic and topological characteristics, widely explored in experimental research.

Each material is independently regarded as an "Impossible" substance, defying conventional quantum physics due to its extraordinary and unconventional properties.

The formation of this exotic layered structure paves the way for scientific investigations at the atomic-scale interface, where the two materials converge.

Unlocking New Quantum Possibilities

"This research introduces a novel approach to designing artificial two-dimensional quantum materials, unlocking new possibilities for advancing quantum technologies and deepening our understanding of their fundamental properties," said Jak Chakhalian, the Claud Lovelace Endowed Professor of Experimental Physics at Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences and a principle investigator of the study.

Chakhalian and his team are investigating a domain governed by quantum mechanics, the branch of physics that elucidates the behavior of matter and energy on atomic and subatomic scales. At its core, quantum theory introduces wave-particle duality, a principle enabling transformative technologies like lasers, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and transistors.

Collaborative Effort in Quantum Research

Chakhalian expressed deep appreciation for the contributions of three Rutgers students—doctoral researchers Michael Terilli and Tsung-Chi Wu, along with Dorothy Doughty, who engaged in the project as an undergraduate before earning her degree in 2024.

He also emphasized the critical work of materials scientist Mikhail Kareev and recent doctoral graduate Fangdi Wen in refining the synthesis technique.

According to Chakhalian, the complexity of creating the quantum sandwich was so great that the team had to engineer an entirely new apparatus to make it possible.

Engineering a New Quantum Discovery Platform

The complexity of creating the quantum sandwich was so significant that the team had to engineer an entirely new apparatus to make it possible. This led to the development of the Q-DiP system (Quantum Phenomena Discovery Platform), completed in 2023. This unique tool features:

• Infrared laser heater for precision material synthesis
• Additional laser system for atomic-scale construction
• Capabilities for studying quantum behaviors at near-absolute zero temperatures

"This probe, to the best of our understanding, is unique in the United States and signifies a pioneering step forward in instrumentation," said Chakhalian.

The Science Behind the Quantum Sandwich

Dysprosium Titanate: Spin Ice and Magnetic Monopoles

The dysprosium titanate layer of the experimental structure, commonly referred to as spin ice, exhibits extraordinary properties. Within this material, atomic-scale magnetic moments—spins—are arranged in a configuration mirroring the lattice structure of water ice. This distinctive arrangement enables the emergence of exotic quasiparticles known as magnetic monopoles.

Magnetic Monopoles: A Quantum Phenomenon

A magnetic monopole is a theoretical particle that exhibits a singular magnetic pole—either north or south—unlike conventional dipole magnets. First predicted in 1931 by Nobel laureate Paul Dirac, these elusive entities are absent in free form in the universe but manifest within spin ice due to intricate quantum mechanical interactions inherent in the material.

Pyrochlore Iridate: The Host of Weyl Fermions

The other half of the sandwich structure, composed of the semimetal pyrochlore iridate, is equally remarkable for hosting Weyl fermions —relativistic quantum particles first predicted by Hermann Weyl in 1929 and detected in crystalline materials in 2015. These particles exhibit:

• Massless, photon-like motion
• Intrinsic Chirality, existing in either a left or right-handed spin state

Exceptional Electronic Properties

Pyrochlore iridate exhibits exceptional electronic properties, demonstrating:

• Strong resilience against external disturbances and impurities. This stability makes it highly suitable for integration into electronic devices
• Excellent electrical conductivity, exhibits unconventional responses to magnetic fields
• Distinctive effects under electromagnetic exposure

Quantum Computing and Real-World Applications

According to Chakhalian, the synergistic properties of the newly synthesized material position it as a strong contender for cutting-edge applications, particularly in quantum computing and next-generation quantum sensing technologies.

"This research represents a major breakthrough in material synthesis, with profound implications for the development of quantum sensors and advancements in spintronic devices," he stated.

Quantum Computing Potential

Quantum computing leverages the fundamentals of quantum mechanics ot execute data processing. Unlike classical bits, Quantum Bits (qubits) exploit superposition, enabling simultaneous multiple-state existence, thereby accelerating complex computations beyond classical limitations.

The distinctive electronic and magnetic characteristics of the newly developed material enable the formation of highly stable and unconventional quantum states, which are fundamental to advancing quantum computing.

Impact on Future Technologies

As quantum technology matures into practical applications, it is poised to transform daily life by accelerating drug discovery, advancing medical research and optimizing financial, logistical and manufacturing for enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, its integration with artificial intelligence is expected to significantly enhance machine learning algorithms, making AI system more powerful, according to the researchers.

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Breaking Boundaries in Quantum Computing!

Discover how Rutgers University researchers have achieved the impossible—merging exotic materials to create groundbreaking quantum structures. This innovation paves the way for next-generation quantum computing and advanced sensing technologies.

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half ice half fire magnetic phase discovery

"Half Ice, Half Fire": Discovery of a New Magnetic Phase with Quantum Potential

Introduction to the Discovery of "Half Ice, Half Fire"

In a landmark discovery, two scientists from the DOE's Brookhaven National Laboratory have detected an unexplored phase of matter while studying a model magnetic system.

This newly identified phase exhibits an unprecedented arrangement of electron spins, characterized by a unique interplay between highly ordered "cold" spins and highly disordered "hot" spins, earning it the name "half ice, half fire." The discovery emerged from an investigation into a one-dimensional model of a ferrimagnetic material.

The Significance of the "Half Ice, Half Fire" Phase

The "half ice, half fire" phase is remarkable not only for its unprecedented nature but also for its ability to induce sharp phase transitions at practical, finite temperatures. This phenomenon holds promising potential for future advancements in energy and information technology.

Researchers Behind the Discovery

Weiguo Yin and Alexei Tsvelik, both physicists, presents their research in the December 31, 2024, publication of Physical Review Letters.

"Identifying novel states with unconventional physical properties—and deciphering and regulating their phase transitions—remains a fundamental challenge in condensed matter physics and materials science," stated Yin. "Addressing these challenges could drive significant breakthroughs in quantum computing and spintronics."

Yin's and Tsvelik's Vision for the Future

Tsvelik remarked, "Our findings have the potential to provide new insights into the mechanisms governing phases and phase transition in specific materials, paving the way for enhanced control over these phenomena."

The History Behind the Discovery

What Came First: Fire or Ice?

The "half-ice, half-fire" phase represents the dual counterpart to the "half-fire, half-ice" phase, initially identified by Yin, Tsvelik, and Christopher Roth—formerly a 2015 undergraduate summer intern and now a postdoctoral researcher at the Flatiron Institute. Their findings are detailed in a paper published in early 2024.

Origins of the Discovery: Collaborative Research Since 2012

The origins of this discovery trace back to 2012, when Yin and Tsvelik collaborated in a multi-institutional research effort led by Brookhaven physicist John Hill. the team investigated Sr₃CuIrO₆, a magnetic compound composed of strontium, copper, iridium and oxygen. This work culminated in two publications in Physical Review Letters—an experimental study in 2012 and a theoretical study in 2013.

The Discovery of the "Half-Fire, Half-Ice" Phase

Expanding their exploration of Sr₃CuIrO₆'s Phase behaviors, Yin and Tsvelik discovered the "half-fire, half-ice" phase in 2016. This phase emerges under a critical external magnetic field, where 'hot' spins on copper sites exhibit complete disorder with reduced magnetic moments, while 'cold' spins on iridium sites display full order with enhanced magnetic moments. Their research was published in Physical Review B.

Overcoming the Challenges of Phase Transitions

The Puzzle of Practical Applications

"Despite our extensive investigations, we remained uncertain about the practical applications of this state," Tsvelik remarked. "This was particularly challenging because, for over a century, it has been widely accepted that the one-dimensional Ising model— a well-established mathematical framework for ferromagnetism responsible for generating the half-fire, half-ice state—does not support phase transitions at finite temperatures. We were still missing crucial pieces of the puzzle."

Unveiling the Forbidden Phase Transition

Yin recently uncovered a crucial clue to the missing elements. In two studies —one examining systems with an external magnetic field and the other without—he demonstrated that the traditionally forbidden phase transition can, in fact, be approached through an ultranarrow phase crossover at a fixed finite temperature.

"Half Ice, Half Fire": The Complementary Hidden State

Inversion of Hot and Cold Spins

In their latest study, Yin and Tsvelik uncovered a complementary hidden state to "half fire, half ice," wherein the roles of hot and cold spins are reversed. This inversion, where hot spins cool and cold spins heat up, inspired them to designate the phase as "half ice, half fire."

Implications and Future Applications

Ultrasharp Phase Switching for Future Technologies

The model demonstrates that phase transitions occur within an ultranarrow temperature window. Yin and Tsvelik have already proposed potential applications, such as utilizing the sharp phase transition and giant magnetic entropy change of "half fire, half ice" for advanced refrigeration technologies.

Foundation for Quantum Information Storage

Additionally, this phenomenon could serve as a foundation for a novel quantum information storage system where phases function as data bits.

"Our research will now extend to examining the fire-ice phenomenon in quantum spin system, with an added focus on lattice, charge and orbital degrees of freedom," Yin explained. "This advancement opens up exciting new frontiers in the field."

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dual superconducting states kagome lattice CsV₃Sb₅

Physicists Discover Dual Superconducting States in Kagome Lattice Material CsV₃Sb₅

Introduction to Superconductivity and Its Mystery

Superconductivity, characterized by the complete absence of electrical resistance at extremely low temperatures, is a quantum phenomenon of great interest. While the phenomenon is traditionally associated with the formation of Cooper pairs—electron pairs bound together—the precise factors that lead to superconductivity in quantum materials remain elusive.

Study on Kagome Lattice Superconductor CsV₃Sb₅

Researchers from Princeton University, the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Beijing Institute to Technology, and the University of Zurich recently undertook a study to explore the superconductivity of CsV₃Sb₅ a material with a Kagome lattice, which consists of atoms arranged in a hexagonal configuration resembling the traditional Kagome basket pattern.

The study, published in Nature Physics, establishes the presence of two superconducting regimes within this material, each linked to distinct transport and thermodynamic responses.

Discovery of Chiral Charge Density Wave in Kagome Superconductors

Excitement in the Quantum Materials Community

"In 2021, our identification of a chiral charge density wave in the Kagome superconductor AV₃Sb₅ (A = K, Rb, Cs) generated significant excitement within the quantum materials community," stated Shafayat Hossain, the study's first author, in an interview with the publishing website.

Interplay of Symmetry Breaking and Superconductivity

"Kagome superconductors exhibit multiple symmetry-breaking phenomena in the charge-ordered state before undergoing a transition to a superconducting ground state. Given the interplay between symmetry breaking, the multiband characteristics of AV₃Sb₅, and its topological band structure, the emergence of an unconventional superconducting state appeared highly probable."

Investigation into the Superconducting Nature of CsV₃Sb₅

Research Motivation and Methodology

When Hossain and his collaborators began exploring the origins of superconductivity in Kagome superconductors, existing literature provided no indication that the superconductivity in AV₃Sb₅ was unconventional. However, the intricate interplay of competing orders in the material's normal state suggested a possible impact on its superconducting behavior.

"Motivated by this, we employed transport and thermodynamic techniques to systematically explore the superconducting state CsV₃Sb₅," Hossain explained. "Unexpectedly, our initial transport measurements immediately revealed the presence of two distinct superconducting regimes, a discovery we had not foreseen."

Experimental Findings: Two Superconducting Regimes

Upper Critical Fields Across Temperature Variations

As part of their investigation, the researchers examined the upper critical fields of CsV₃Sb₅ across varying temperatures and for two distinct field orientations, specifically along the conducting planes and perpendicular to them.

Notably, the measurements revealed the existence of two distinct superconducting regimes in CsV₃Sb₅, delineated by a step-like enhancement in the upper critical fields.

Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity Observations

"Our observations revealed two distinct anomalies in the heat capacity as a function of temperature, signifying the emergence of two superconducting gaps," stated Luis Balicas, senior author of the study. "Furthermore, thermal conductivity exhibited a finite, constant contribution with temperature before the second gap formed, suggesting that certain regins of the Fermi surface remained ungapped in the superconducting state until further cooling induced gap formation in these electronic states."

Anisotropic Behavior and Unconventional Superconductivity 

Magnetic Field Rotation Effects on Thermal Conductivity

The researchers observed that when magnetic fields were rotated within the conducting planes, the thermal conductivity of the Kagome superconductor exhibited anisotropic behavior upon transitioning to a superconducting state.

This finding implies that the superconducting phase in CsV₃Sb₅ possesses a complex gap structure, suggesting a potential unconventional nature.

Gap Anisotropies and Pairing Symmetry

"Thermal conductivity is expected to be mediated by carriers excited across the superconducting gap, indicating a mildly anisotropic gap function," Balicas explained. "Interestingly, this anisotropy undergoes rotation upon the emergence of the second superconducting gap, suggesting distinct gap anisotropies. However, the precise pairing symmetry remains undetermined."

Implications of the Findings: Band-Selective Superconductivity

Presence of Multiple Superconducting Gaps

The results obtained by this research team suggest that the Kagome-lattice material CsV₃Sb₅ may exhibit band-selective superconductivity, a phenomenon where distinct electron bands develop independent superconducting gaps.

"While the precise symmetry of the gap function remains elusive, our study confirms the presence of multiple superconducting gaps in  CsV₃Sb₅ and suggests the potential existence of an unconventional pairing symmetry yet to be fully understood," said Balicas.

Charge Density Wave and Anomalous Hall Response

"The charge density wave (CDW) state, from which superconductivity emerges, exhibits unconventional characteristics. Notably, despite the absence of magnetism, it reportedly demonstrates an anomalous Hall response. Consequently, the coexistence of superconductivity with such a chiral CDW state suggests the likelihood of an unconventional pairing mechanism."

Future Research and Broader Impact on Superconductors

Significance of Kagome Superconductors in Quantum Research

The research conducted by Hossain, Balicas, and their team provides valuable insights into the superconducting behavior of CsV₃Sb₅, with potential implications for other Kagome-lattice superconductors. Their future studies will focus on further investigating multiband superconductors with intrinsic symmetry-breaking in their normal state.

"Kagome superconductors such as CsV₃Sb₅ are part of a broader class of materials, extending decades of research on cuprates and iron pnictides," Hossain stated. "The discovery of novel superconductors within this category remains an exciting frontier, as each new, material holds the potential to unveil unprecedented quantum states.

Exploring Topological Properties in Future Studies

"Our future research on Kgome superconductors will delve deeper into their unconventional gap structures and in-gap states, exploring the potential for nontrivial topological propterties."

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majorana zero modes in quantum computing

Quantum Computing Enters a New Era: Majorana Zero Modes in Topological Processors

Breakthrough in Topological Quantum Computing

Microsoft-led research team, working alongside UC Santa Barbara physicists, has achieved a milestone in quantum computing by unveiling the first-ever eight-qubit topological quantum processor. Designed as a proof-of-concept, this innovative chip represents a critical step toward the long-envisioned development of topological quantum computers.

Announcement from Microsoft Station Q

Microsoft Station Q Director Chetan Nayak, UCSB physics professor and Technical Fellow for Quantum Hardware at Microsoft, remarked, "We are unveiling multiple advancements that we have kept under wraps until now." The announcement, made at Station Q's annual conference in Santa Barbara, coincides with a Nature paper authored by Station Q, Microsoft collaborators and other researchers documenting their measurements of these groundbreaking qubits.

Majorana Zero Modes and Topological Superconductors

"We have successfully engineered a novel state of matter known as a topological superconductor," explained Nayak. This phase exhibits unique boundaries termed Majorana zero modes (MZM), which hold significant potential for quantum computing. Extensive simulations and testing of their heterostructure devices align with the expected characteristics of these states. "This demonstrates our ability to achieve it swiftly and with precision," he added.

Roadmap to Scalable Quantum Computing

The research team has supplemented their Nature findings with an arXiv preprint, proposing a detailed roadmap for transitioning their technology into a scalable topological quantum computing platform.

Understanding the Role of Majorana Zero Modes in Quantum Computing

The Potential of Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing's potential stems from its unparalleled computational speed and power, poised to surpass even the most sophisticated classical supercomputers. This capability hinges on the qubit—the quantum counterpart to the classical bit. Unlike classical bits, which exist in discrete states of either zero or one, qubits leverage quantum superposition to represent zero, one or any linear combination of both.

Topological Qubits and Their Advantages

Qubits manifest in various physical forms, harnessing the quantum properties of trapped ions, photons or other quantum systems. Topological qubits, however, are rooted in a distinct class of particles known as anyons—exotic 'Quasiparticles' that emerge from the collective interactions of multiple particles within specific materials, such as superconducting nanowires.

Stability and Error Resistance in Topological Quantum Computing

Topological quantum computing is a highly sought-after research field due to its potential for enhanced stability and resilience against errors. Unlike conventional qubit systems, which require extensive correction strategies, topological qubits inherently suppress computational errors, reducing the overhead needed for fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Error Correction Integration in Hardware

According to Nayak, an alternative strategy involves integrating error correction directly into the hardware, Since quantum information is inherently distributed across a physical system rather than localized in discrete particles or atoms, topological qubits exhibit enhanced coherence, leading to a more fault-tolerant quantum computing framework.

Majorana Zero Modes: The Preferred Candidate

Not all quasiparticles are suitable for topological quantum computing; Majorana zero modes stand out as the preferred candidate. First predicted by Ettore Majorana in 1937, these exotic particles are unique in that they serve as their own antiparticles and preserve a 'memory' of their spatial arrangement. By physically interchanging their positions— a process known as braiding—it becomes possible to implement robust quantum logic operations.

Engineering Majorana Zero Modes

Researchers engineered these particles by positioning an indium arsenide semiconductor nanowire in close proximity to an aluminum superconductor. Under specific conditions, the semiconducting wire transitions into a superconducting state, entering a topological phase. In this phase, Majorana Zero Modes (MZM) emerge at the wire's endpoints, while the remainder of the wire exhibits an energy gap.

Increasing Stability and Boosting Computational Speed

According to Nayak, expanding the topological gap reinforces the stability of the topological phase. Unexpectedly, this increase not only enhances robustness but could also boost computational speed and allow for miniaturization, optimizing performance without sacrificing accuracy.

Current Status and Future Potential of Topological Quantum Computing

The Eight-Qubit Topological Processor

With just eight qubits, the researchers' topological processor remains in its infancy within the quantum computing landscape. However, it represents a significant breakthrough in their decades-long pursuit of a topological quantum computer. Nayak emphasized the valuable collaborations between Station Q and university, particularly in advancing materials that support topological quantum phenomena.

Collaborations with Experts in Material Development

"Electronic materials expert Chris Palmstrom has collaborated on this research at times, contributing significant advancements in material development," Nayak noted. Additionally, materials scientist Susanne Stemmer played a key role in refining fabrication techniques. Station Q has also integrated numerous students into its team. Nayak further emphasized that the foundational semiconductor heterostructure concept steams from the Nobel Prize-winning theories of the late Herb Kroemer, a distinguished professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

UCSB Tradition of Excellence in Material Science

"UCSB has a longstanding tradition of excellence in advanced material science, fostering expertise that enabled the exploration of novel physics through innovative material combinations."

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first scalable photonic quantum computer

World's First Scalable Photonic Quantum Computer Prototype Developed

Introduction to the Photonic Quantum Computer Breakthrough

A group of engineers, physicists and computer experts at Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc., a Canadian firm, has introduced the world's first scalable connected photonic quantum computer prototype.

Key Insights from the Research Published in Nature

Their research, published in the journal Nature, details the development of a modularized quantum computer and its ability to scale effortlessly to a wide range of sizes.

The Concept of Modular Quantum Computing

As global researchers strive to develop practical quantum computing innovators continue to explore new design concepts. In this latest endeavor, the team constructed a modular quantum computer starting with a compact unit containing only a few qubits for basic applications. Additional units can be seamlessly integrated as needed forming a scalable network that operates as a unified system.

Expanding the System's Processing Capacity

With each additional quantum server rack, the system's processing capacity expands. The team proposes that thousands of such racks could be interconnected using fiber-optic cables, forming an ultra-powerful quantum computing network. Notably, their photon-based architecture eliminates the need for integration with conventional electron-based components.

Prototype Development and Design of the Quantum Server Racks

The team tested their approach by developing a prototype consisting of four interconnected server racks with 84 squeezers, producing a system with 12 physical qubits. The first rack exhibits distinct structural differences from the other three.

Breakdown of Quantum Server Rack Components

The first rack houses the input lasers, while the remaining three contain the core quantum components structured into five key subsystems. These include:

• Sources: Generating photon-based qubits
• Buffering System: For qubit storage
• Refinery: Enhances qubit quality and entanglement
• Routing System: To facilitate clustering
• Quantum processing Unit (QPU): Establishes spatial links in cluster states and performs additional operations

Efficiency and Operation of the Photonic Quantum System

The researchers highlight that being entirely photonic the system operates efficiently at room temperature without requiring cooling.

Testing the System's Capability with Entangled States

By generating a highly unique entangled state with billions of modes, the research team tested their system's capabilities. The results confirm its ability to perform advanced, large-scale computations with strong fault resilience.

Source

"The Future of Quantum Computing is Here!"

Xandu's groundbreaking scalable photonic quantum computer marks a major leap in quantum research, offering modular, fault-tolerant computing at room temperature. With the ability to interconnect thousands of racks via fiber-optic networks, this system paves the way for next-generation computational advancements.

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three nucleon force nuclear stability heavy elements study

New Study Unveils Overlooked Nuclear Force That Stabilizes Matter

Kyushu University Researchers Discover  Three-Nucleon Force's Role in Nuclear Stability

Researchers at Kyushu University, have uncovered how the three-nucleon force within an atom's nucleus influences nuclear stability. Their study in Physics Letter B sheds light on why certain nuclei are more stable and offers insights into astrophysical processes, such as the formation of heavy elements in stars.

The Nucleus: The Heart of Atomic Matter

Atoms, the fundamental constituents of matter, serve as the building blocks of the universe. The majority of an atom's mass is concentrated in its minuscule nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons, collectively termed nucleons. For over a century, a key focus in nuclear physics has been understanding the interactions between these nucleons that ensure nuclear stability and maintain a low-energy state.

The Two-Nucleon Force: The Strongest Nuclear Interaction

The strongest nuclear interactions is the two-nucleon force, which acts as an attractive force at long range, drawing two nucleons together, while repelling them at short range to prevent excessive proximity.

The Complexity of the Three-Nucleon Force

"Researchers have gained a solid understanding of the two-nucleon force and its influence on nuclear stability," say Tokuro Fukui, Assistant Professor at Kyushu University's Faculty of Arts and Science. "However, the three-nucleon force, involving interactions among three nucleons at once, remains far more complex and not yet fully understood."

Illustrating the Nuclear Forces with a Game of Catch

Fukui illustrates nuclear forces by comparing them to a game of catch. In the case of the two-nucleon force, two nucleons interact by tossing a ball, which represents a subatomic particle called a meson. The meson's mass varies, with the pion, the lightest meson, being responsible for the long-range attraction between nucleons.

The Three-Nucleon Force: A More Complex Interaction

In the case of the three-nucleon force, three nucleons interact, passing mesons or balls between them. Simultaneously, while tossing and catching the mesons, the nucleons also spin and orbit within the nucleus.

Recent Research Highlights the Importance of the Three-Nucleon Force

While the three-nucleon force has traditionally been regarded as less significant than the two-nucleon force, recent research is increasingly recognizing its importance. This new study elucidates the mechanism by which the three-nucleon force contributes to nuclear stability, showing that its influence strengthens as the nucleus increases in size.

Advanced Research Methods: Supercomputer Simulations and Nuclear Theory

Through their research, Fukui and his team used advanced nuclear theory and supercomputer simulations to analyze the exchange of pions between three nucleons. They identified that two pions exchanged between nucleons result in restricted movement and spin, leaving only four potential combinations. Their calculations revealed that the "rank-1 component" among these combinations is vital for nuclear stability.

Spin-Orbit Splitting and Nuclear Stability

Fukui explains that the increased stability arises from the enhancement of a phenomenon known as spin-orbit splitting. When nucleons spin and orbit in the same direction, their alignment lowers the system's energy. However, when they spin and orbit in opposite directions, the nucleons occupy a higher energy state. This results in nucleons "splitting" into distinct energy levels, contributing to the stability of the nucleus.

Simulations Show the Greater Impact on Nucleons with Opposing Spins

According to Fukui, their supercomputer simulations indicated that the three-nucleon force increases the energy of nucleons with aligned spins and orbits, but has an even greater effect on nucleons with opposing spins and orbits. This results in a broader energy gap between shells, further stabilizing the nucleus.

Implications for Heavier Elements and Fusion Processes

This effects is particularly notable in heavier nuclei with a higher number of nucleons. In carbon-12, the heaviest element studied with 12 nucleons, the three-nucleon force led to a 2.5-fold expansion of the energy gap.

Fukui states, "The effect is so pronounced that it almost equals the influence of the two-nucleon force. We foresee a stronger impact in heavier elements beyond carbon-12, which we aim to study in our upcoming research."

The Role of Three-Nucleon Force in Element Formation in Stars

The three-nucleon force may be crucial in explaining how heavy elements emerge from the fusion of lighter elements in stars. As this force intensifies in heavier nuclei, it enhances their stability by widening the energy gaps between nuclear shells.

Enhanced Stability and Its Impact on Neutron Capture

This enhanced stability makes it harder for the nucleus to capture additional neutrons, a critical step in forming heavier elements. When the nucleus contains a "magic number" of protons or neutrons that completely fill its shells, it becomes exceptionally stable, further obstructing the fusion process.

Predicting Heavy Element Formation: The Importance of Energy Gaps

"For scientists trying to predict how heavy elements form, knowing the energy gap between unclear shells is critical—something that cannot be done without understanding the three-nucleon force." explains Fukui. "For magic number nuclei, this may require generating immense energy."

Quantum Entanglement of Nucleons: A Surprising Discovery

In their final discovery, the researchers identified another unexpected impact of the three-nucleon force on nucleon spins. With just the two-nucleon force, the spin states of each nucleon can be measured separately. However, the three-nucleon force induces quantum entanglement, where the spins of two of the three nucleons exist in both states simultaneously until observe.

Quantum Entanglement and Its Implications for Quantum Computing

"Similar to electrons, nucleons can exhibit quantum entanglement, although the greater mass of nucleons introduces distinct challenges. These variations could significant implications for future research, particularly in advancing technologies like quantum computing," concludes Fukui.

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majorana zero modes jones polynomials experimental study

Researchers Compute Jones Polynomial Using Majorana Zero Modes

Introduction to Jones Polynomials and Topological Invariants

A research team has successfully calculated the Jones polynomial experimentally using quantum simulations of braided Majorana zero modes. By simulating the braiding operations of Majorana fermions, they determined the Jones polynomials for various links. Their findings were published in Physical Review Letters.

Importance of Jones Polynomials in Topology

Link and Knot Invariants

Invariants of links or knots, like the Jones polynomials, are essential tools for assessing the topological equivalence of knots. Their determination is of significant interest due to applications spanning fields like DNA biology and condensed matter physics.

Computational Challenges and the Promise of Quantum Simulations

Approximating the Jones polynomials is a computationally challenging task, classified as #P-hard, with classical algorithms demanding exponential resources. However, quantum simulations present a promising avenue for studying non-Abelian anyons, with Majorana zero modes (MZMs) emerging as the most viable candidates for realizing non-Abelian statistics experimentally.

Experimental Setup and Quantum Simulation of MZM Braiding

Photonic Quantum Simulator and Braiding Operations

Utilizing a photonic quantum simulator with two-photon correlations and nondissipative imaginary-time evolution, the team executed two distinct MZM braiding operations, creating anyonic worldlines for multiple links. This platform enabled experimental simulations of the topological properties of non-Abelian anyons.

Simulating MZM Exchange Operations and Geometric Phase

The team successfully simulated the exchange operations of a single Kitaev chain MZM, identified the non-Abelian geometric phase of MZMs in two-Kitaev chain model, and extended their work to higher dimensions. They examined the semion zeroth mode's braiding process, which exhibited immunity to local noise and preserved quantum contextual resources.

Advancements in Quantum State Encoding and Evolution

Transitioning to Dual-Photon Encoding Method

Building on their previous work, the team transitioned from a single-photon encoding method to a dual-photon, spatial approach, leveraging coincidence counting of dual photons for encoding. This advancement dramatically expanded the number of quantum states that could be encoded.

Quantum Cooling Device and Multi-Step Evolution

By incorporating a Sagnac interferometer-based quantum cooling device, the team transformed dissipative evolution into nondissipative evolution. This advancement enhanced the device's ability to recycle photonic resources, enabling multi-step quantum evolution operations. These innovations significantly improved the photonic quantum simulator's capabilities and established a robust foundation for simulating the braiding of Majorana zero modes in three Kitaev models.

Results and Validation

High-Fidelity Quantum State and Braiding Operations

The team validated their experimental setup by demonstrating that it could accurately execute the intended braiding evolution's of MZMs, achieving an average quantum state and braiding operation fidelity exceeding 97%.

Simulating Topological Knots

Jones Polynomials of Topologically Distinct Links

The research team combined various braiding operations of Majorana zero modes in three Kitaev chain models to simulate five representative topological knots, deriving the Jones polynomials for five distinct links and distinguishing topologically inequivalent links.

Broader Implications for Multiple Scientific Fields

This advancement holds significant potential for fields such as statistical physics, molecular synthesis technology, and integrated DNA replication, where complex topological links and knots are commonly encountered.

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