thermodynamics einstein assumption corrected nernst theorem

Breakthrough in Thermodynamics Corrects a Long-Standing Einstein Assumption

A Modern Take on Nernst's 1905 Entropy Observation

Professor José Martin-Olalla of the University of Seville has authored a paper in The European Physical Journal Plus, directly associating Nernst's 1905 observation on diminishing entropy exchange at low temperatures with the second law of thermodynamics—deepening our theoretical grasp of absolute zero behaviour in physical systems.

Resolving a 120-Year-Old Scientific Puzzle

The study resolves a long-standing issue dating back 120 years, while also extending the theoretical consequences of the second thermodynamic principle, which dictates the universe's rising entropy. Importantly, it challenges and corrects an assumption introduced by Albert Einstein more than a century ago, marking a notable refinement in classical thermodynamic thought.

Historical Background of Nernst's Theorem

Early 20th-Century Exploration of Absolute Zero

The challenge surrounding Nernst's theorem emerged in the early 20th century during investigations into the behaviour of matter near absolute zero (-273°C). For his pioneering work in this domain, Walther Nernst received the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Nernst's Argument for the Inaccessibility of Absolute Zero

Nernst explained that if absolute zero were reachable, it would enable the construction of an engine converting all heat into work, defying the entropy principle. Therefore, he concluded its inaccessibility and demonstrated his theorem in 1912.

Einstein's Response and Reinterpretation

Einstein promptly challenged the demonstration, insisting the engine it relied upon was impractical and irrelevant to the second law's validity. He thus reassigned the theorem to a third, distinct principle of the thermodynamics. That view, however, no longer holds under contemporary analysis.

Martín-Olalla's Modern Reformulation

Virtual Engines and Thermodynamic Consistency

In his analysis, Professor Martín-Olalla highlights two subtleties overlooked by Nernst and Einstein: while the second law of thermodynamics formally necessitates Nernst's hypothetical engine, it must remain a virtual construct—one that neither absorbs heat nor performs work and crucially, does not contravene the second principle.

Absolute Zero and Entropy Exchange

By combining both concepts, one may deduce that entropy exchange approaches zero as temperature nears absolute zero—consistent with Nernst's theorem—and that absolute zero itself remains fundamentally unattainable.

Revisiting the Concept of Temperature

Martin-Olalla points out that one of thermodynamics' fundamental challenges is to distinguish between the flet experience of temperature—the perceptions of hot and cold—and its theoretical, measurable definition. In the debate between Nernst and Einstein, temperature was simply an empirical parameter, with the condition of absolute zero defined by a gas's pressure or volume nearing zero.

Redefining Thermodynamic Proofs

Entropy's Unique Value at Absolute Zero

"In formal terms, the second law of thermodynamics offers a more precise conception of temperature's natural zero—unrelated to sensory perception, but instead tied to Nernst's hypothetical, purely virtual engine. This shift significantly alters how the theorem is to be proven."

Heat Capacity Cancellation and Entropy Clarification

According to the study, the cancellation of heat capacities near absolute zero—first outlined by Nernst in 1912—is the sole general property not evidently derived from the second law. Martin-Olalla contends that the second law already implies a unique entropy at absolute zero and that the vanishing heat capacities merely confirm this value to be zero.

Academic Reception and Future Outlook

The professor remarks that this publication marks an initial step towards wider acceptance of a new perspective. "My thermodynamics students were the first to encounter this demonstration. I hope the article increases its visibility, though I am aware that academic circles often change slowly."

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quantum memory nonlocal energy shifts

Quantum Memory Experiment Validates Nonlocal Energy Shifts & Bohmian Trajectories

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics and Entanglement

Quantum mechanics forms the foundation of various technologies, with entanglement allowing particles to retain linked states, regardless of their spatial separation.

Spin-entangled Particle and Nonlocal Correlations

In spin-entangled particle pairs, the intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of one particle directly influences its entangled counterpart, establishing a nonlocal correlation that alters energy without violating causality.

Experimentally Validation of Nonlocal Energy Shifts

Research Team and Study Overview

A research team from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Hefei National Laboratory recently conducted an experimental study ot validate this theoretical prediction using two quantum memories.

Their results, published in Physical Review Letters, reinforce the concept of nonlocal energy shifts, thereby extending contemporary knowledge of quantum nonlocality.

Theoretical Hypothesis and Background

"When two particles share a spin-entangled state, observing one instantaneously influences the spin state of the other," noted Xian-Min and Dr. Jian-Peng Dou in their discussion with the relevant publishing site.

This realization inspired us to propose a bold hypothesis: quantum correlation might facilitate the nonlocal modification of energy distribution. While this phenomenon was hinted at in the de Broglie-Bohm theory, it has neither been formally recognized nor experimentally validated.

Experimental Setup and Methodology

Quantum Memories as Platforms for Energy Investigation

Jin, Dr. Dou, and colleagues sought to experimentally verify the theoretically predicted nonlocal energy alteration using two quantum memories, which function as platforms for generating, storing, probing and retrieving quantum states.

With these quantum memories, they engineered an optical system capable of isolating and recombining a quantum system's wavefunctions to observe quantum interference, utilizing a March-Zehnder interferometer.

Stokes photon and Atomic Excitation

Jin and Dr. Dou explained that the Stokes photon (S1), produced during the write process in two quantum memories, is designated as the first particle, while the concurrent atomic excitation represents the second particle.

Since both particles are produced by an identical spontaneous Raman scattering process, they inherently exhibit the quantum correlation required for this study.

Strong Measurement vs. Weak Probe Technique

Using their experimental setup, the researcher identified the position of the atomic excitation, the system's second particle, along with its corresponding measurement. This was achieved either via a strong measurement by executing a readout operation on the quantum memories or through a weak probe technique known as single-photon Raman scattering.

According to Jin and Dr. Dou, the weak probe process can be metaphorically illustrated as an observer with impaired vision trying to detect the atomic excitation, representing the system's energy.

"Each measurement induces only a minimal disturbance in the quantum memory, producing imprecise yet valuable insights into the energy's location. Despite its lack of precision, this positional data becomes critical when integrated with post-selection, enabling the validation of quantum correlations between past and future states."

Key Findings and Theoretical Implications

Mapping Bohmian Trajectories and Positional Shifts

Jin, Dr. Dou, and their team successfully mapped the Bohmian trajectories of the Stokes photon within their system while also analyzing the positional shifts of the atomic excitation and the corresponding conditional probabilities.

Validation of Nonlocal Characteristics

Subsequently, they analyzed the measured probability magnitudes to validate the nonlocal characteristics of the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation, the theoretical framework predicting he observed nonlocal energy alteration.

Confirmation of Nonlocal Energy Alteration

"Our experimental findings align with the prediction of nonlocal theory," stated Jin and Dr. Dou. "Within the de Broglie-Bohm framework, our results suggest that for two entangled particles, the energy associated with one can be transferred across space due to the nonlocal influence of its counterpart.

This phenomenon precisely corresponds to the 'nonlocal energy alteration' introduced in our study. Notably, the term 'alteration' is deliberately used instead of 'transfer,' underscoring that this effect does not entail superluminal energy transmission, but rather a nonlocal modification driven by quantum correlations.

Future Research Directions and Broader Impact

By experimentally investigating quantum nonlocality through the lens of energy dynamics, the researchers uncovered intriguing findings that may guide future studies on nonlocal energy alterations in spin-entangled systems.

This study may serve as a foundation for other physicists of employ similar experimental techniques in testing the de Broglie-Bohm theory.

Potential Applications in Quantum Mechanics

"At present, we acknowledge the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics while concurrently supporting Bohm's theoretical framework," stated Jin and Dr. Dou.

Quantum memory, as demonstrated in this study, offers novel functionalities that could facilitate rigorous examinations of core quantum mechanical phenomena, such as nonlocality, delayed choice, the empty wave concept, ligh-speed oscillations in interference zones, and the theoretical coherence between quantum theory and relativity.

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mediterranean neutrino observatory quantum gravity decoherence

Mediterranean Neutrino Observatory Sheds Light on Quantum Gravity & Decoherence

Quantum Gravity and the Role of Neutrinos

Quantum gravity remains the elusive bridge between general relativity and quantum mechanics, offering the potential for a unified theory that can describe both the vastness of the universe and the minutiae of the subatomic world. The key to this mystery might reside in the neutrino, a nearly invisible elementary particle that, due to its lack of electric charge and minimal interaction with matter, passes through solid objects without leaving a trace.

Challenges in Detecting Neutrinos

Due to their elusive nature, detecting neutrinos is an immense challenge. However, in rare instances, they can interact with water molecules deep beneath the ocean. This interaction emits particles that generate a distinctive "blue glow," known as Čerenkov radiation, which can be observed using advanced detectors like KM3NeT.

KM3NeT: the Underwater Neutrino Observatory

The KM3NeT (Kilometer Cube Neutrino Telescope|) is a vast underwater observatory designed to capture neutrino interactions in water. It comprises two detectors, including ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), which was utilized for this study, ORCA is situated off the coast of Toulon, France, at a depth of around 2,450 meters.

Neutrino Oscillations and Decoherence

Simply detecting neutrinos is insufficient to infer the properties of quantum gravity—we must also seek indicators of "decoherence."

How neutrino Oscillations Work

Neutrinos undergo "Oscillations" as they traverse space, shifting between different identities—a process known as flavor oscillations. These oscillations depend on coherence, a key quantum property that allows a neutrino to exist as a superposition of three mass states. If quantum gravity influences coherence, it may dampen or even inhibit these oscillations, a phenomenon termed "decoherence."

Scientific perspective on Decoherence

"Various quantum gravity theories anticipate this effect, as they suggest that neutrinos do not exist in isolation but rather interact with their surrounding environment," explains Nadja Lessing, a physicist at the Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, University of Valencia and corresponding author of this study, which includes contributions from hundreds of researcher worldwide.

Experimental Observations from KM3NeT/ORCA

"Experimentally, we recognize that a signature of this effect would be the suppression of neutrino oscillations," indicating that as the neutrino travels—ultimately reaching the KM3NeT sensors at the bottom of the Mediterranean—it may interact with its surrounding in a manner that disrupts or attenuates its oscillatory behavior.

Findings and Their Significance

Lessing and her colleagues found no evidence of decoherence in the neutrinos detected by the KM3NeT/ORCA underwater observatory, offering important neutrino behavior.

Implications for Future Research

As Lessing explains, 'if quantum gravity influences neutrino oscillations, its impact remains below the current detection threshold.' This study has set more stringent upper limits on the effect's strength than previous atmospheric neutrino experiments, while also guiding future research.

Growing Interest in Quantum Gravity Research

"Detecting neutrino decoherence would be a groundbreaking discovery," says Lessing. To date, no direct evidence of quantum gravity has been found, making neutrino studies an area of increasing interest. "There is growing enthusiasm in this field, as quantum gravity researchers recognize that decoherence may not be attributable to any other known mechanism."

Source

Published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (2025), the research titled Search for Quantum Decoherence in Neutrino Oscillations with Six Detection Units of KM3NeT/ORCA explores decoherence effects in neutrino physics. The preprint is accessible on arXiv: DOI:10.48550/arxiv.2410.01388.

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nuclear reaction neutron star nanomaterials

First Ever Nuclear Reaction in Neutron Star Remnants Measured Using Nanomaterials

A Breakthrough in Astrophysics and Nuclear physics

Physicists have successfully observed a nuclear reaction that takes place during neutron star collisions, offering experimental data for a process that was once purely theoretical. this research, conducted by the University of Surrey, sheds light on the creation of the universe's heaviest elements and may lead to breakthroughs in nuclear reactor technology.

Historic First Measurement of a Weak r-Process Reaction

The ⁹⁴Sr(α,n)⁹⁷Zr Nuclear Reaction

In collaboration with the University of York, University of Seville, and TRIUMF—Canada's national particle accelerator center—researchers have achieved a historic milestone: the first direct measurement of a week r-process reaction cross-section using a radioactive ion beam. This study focused on the ⁹⁴Sr(α,n)⁹⁷Zr reaction, where strontium-94 absorbs an alpha particle, emits a neutron, and transforms into zirconium-97.

This research has been featured in Physical Review Letters.

Significance of the Weak r-Process in Element Formation

Dr. Matthew Williams, lead author from the University of Surrey, explained, "The weak r-process is fundamental to the formation of heavy elements, as evidenced in ancient stars—celestial fossils preserving the chemical imprints of a singular cataclysmic event, such as a supernova or neutron star merger. This study provides the first direct experimental data to validate models that, until now, were purely theoretical."

Innovative Use of Nanomaterials in Nuclear Experiments

Developing Helium-Based Nano-Targets

Researchers at the University of Seville pioneered a novel nano-material approach to enable the experiment, embedding helium within ultra-thin silicon films. This innovation created billions of microscopic helium bubbles, each measuring only a few tens of nanometers, overcoming the challenge of working with helium—a noble gas that neither reacts nor solidifies.

Utilizing TRIUMF's Advanced Radioactive Ion Beam Technology

Leveraging TRIUMF's cutting-edge radioactive ion beam technology, the team accelerated short-lived strontium-94 isotopes into these specialized targets, enabling them to probe nuclear reactions under astrophysical conditions akin to those in extreme cosmic environments.

Implications for Nuclear Physics and Reactor Design

Dr. Williams remarked, "This groundbreaking achievement bridges astrophysics and nuclear physics, marking the first application of nanomaterials in this context and unlocking promising new avenues for nuclear research."

Advancing Nuclear Reactor Technology

"Beyond its astrophysical significance, understanding the behavior of radioactive nuclei is essential for advancing nuclear reactor design. These nuclei are continuously generated in reactors, yet their reactions have remained challenging to study. Such data are vital for optimizing reactor longevity, predicting component replacement intervals, and developing next-generation, high-efficiency systems."

Future Research and Broader Implications

Future research will integrate these findings into astrophysical models, providing deeper insights into the formation of the universe's heaviest elements. Continued exploration of these processes could enhance our understanding of both the extreme physics governing neutron star collisions and their broader implications for nuclear technology.

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dual superconducting states kagome lattice CsV₃Sb₅

Physicists Discover Dual Superconducting States in Kagome Lattice Material CsV₃Sb₅

Introduction to Superconductivity and Its Mystery

Superconductivity, characterized by the complete absence of electrical resistance at extremely low temperatures, is a quantum phenomenon of great interest. While the phenomenon is traditionally associated with the formation of Cooper pairs—electron pairs bound together—the precise factors that lead to superconductivity in quantum materials remain elusive.

Study on Kagome Lattice Superconductor CsV₃Sb₅

Researchers from Princeton University, the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Beijing Institute to Technology, and the University of Zurich recently undertook a study to explore the superconductivity of CsV₃Sb₅ a material with a Kagome lattice, which consists of atoms arranged in a hexagonal configuration resembling the traditional Kagome basket pattern.

The study, published in Nature Physics, establishes the presence of two superconducting regimes within this material, each linked to distinct transport and thermodynamic responses.

Discovery of Chiral Charge Density Wave in Kagome Superconductors

Excitement in the Quantum Materials Community

"In 2021, our identification of a chiral charge density wave in the Kagome superconductor AV₃Sb₅ (A = K, Rb, Cs) generated significant excitement within the quantum materials community," stated Shafayat Hossain, the study's first author, in an interview with the publishing website.

Interplay of Symmetry Breaking and Superconductivity

"Kagome superconductors exhibit multiple symmetry-breaking phenomena in the charge-ordered state before undergoing a transition to a superconducting ground state. Given the interplay between symmetry breaking, the multiband characteristics of AV₃Sb₅, and its topological band structure, the emergence of an unconventional superconducting state appeared highly probable."

Investigation into the Superconducting Nature of CsV₃Sb₅

Research Motivation and Methodology

When Hossain and his collaborators began exploring the origins of superconductivity in Kagome superconductors, existing literature provided no indication that the superconductivity in AV₃Sb₅ was unconventional. However, the intricate interplay of competing orders in the material's normal state suggested a possible impact on its superconducting behavior.

"Motivated by this, we employed transport and thermodynamic techniques to systematically explore the superconducting state CsV₃Sb₅," Hossain explained. "Unexpectedly, our initial transport measurements immediately revealed the presence of two distinct superconducting regimes, a discovery we had not foreseen."

Experimental Findings: Two Superconducting Regimes

Upper Critical Fields Across Temperature Variations

As part of their investigation, the researchers examined the upper critical fields of CsV₃Sb₅ across varying temperatures and for two distinct field orientations, specifically along the conducting planes and perpendicular to them.

Notably, the measurements revealed the existence of two distinct superconducting regimes in CsV₃Sb₅, delineated by a step-like enhancement in the upper critical fields.

Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity Observations

"Our observations revealed two distinct anomalies in the heat capacity as a function of temperature, signifying the emergence of two superconducting gaps," stated Luis Balicas, senior author of the study. "Furthermore, thermal conductivity exhibited a finite, constant contribution with temperature before the second gap formed, suggesting that certain regins of the Fermi surface remained ungapped in the superconducting state until further cooling induced gap formation in these electronic states."

Anisotropic Behavior and Unconventional Superconductivity 

Magnetic Field Rotation Effects on Thermal Conductivity

The researchers observed that when magnetic fields were rotated within the conducting planes, the thermal conductivity of the Kagome superconductor exhibited anisotropic behavior upon transitioning to a superconducting state.

This finding implies that the superconducting phase in CsV₃Sb₅ possesses a complex gap structure, suggesting a potential unconventional nature.

Gap Anisotropies and Pairing Symmetry

"Thermal conductivity is expected to be mediated by carriers excited across the superconducting gap, indicating a mildly anisotropic gap function," Balicas explained. "Interestingly, this anisotropy undergoes rotation upon the emergence of the second superconducting gap, suggesting distinct gap anisotropies. However, the precise pairing symmetry remains undetermined."

Implications of the Findings: Band-Selective Superconductivity

Presence of Multiple Superconducting Gaps

The results obtained by this research team suggest that the Kagome-lattice material CsV₃Sb₅ may exhibit band-selective superconductivity, a phenomenon where distinct electron bands develop independent superconducting gaps.

"While the precise symmetry of the gap function remains elusive, our study confirms the presence of multiple superconducting gaps in  CsV₃Sb₅ and suggests the potential existence of an unconventional pairing symmetry yet to be fully understood," said Balicas.

Charge Density Wave and Anomalous Hall Response

"The charge density wave (CDW) state, from which superconductivity emerges, exhibits unconventional characteristics. Notably, despite the absence of magnetism, it reportedly demonstrates an anomalous Hall response. Consequently, the coexistence of superconductivity with such a chiral CDW state suggests the likelihood of an unconventional pairing mechanism."

Future Research and Broader Impact on Superconductors

Significance of Kagome Superconductors in Quantum Research

The research conducted by Hossain, Balicas, and their team provides valuable insights into the superconducting behavior of CsV₃Sb₅, with potential implications for other Kagome-lattice superconductors. Their future studies will focus on further investigating multiband superconductors with intrinsic symmetry-breaking in their normal state.

"Kagome superconductors such as CsV₃Sb₅ are part of a broader class of materials, extending decades of research on cuprates and iron pnictides," Hossain stated. "The discovery of novel superconductors within this category remains an exciting frontier, as each new, material holds the potential to unveil unprecedented quantum states.

Exploring Topological Properties in Future Studies

"Our future research on Kgome superconductors will delve deeper into their unconventional gap structures and in-gap states, exploring the potential for nontrivial topological propterties."

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stochastic fluctuations affect gravity

New Study Explores How Stochastic Fluctuations Can Differentiate Classical and Quantum Gravity

A study recently published in Physical Review Letters suggests an experimental pathway to resolving the fundamental question of whether gravity adheres to classical or quantum mechanics.

Introduction: The Gravity Dilemma

For decades, physicists have grappled with the enigmatic nature of gravity. Unlike the electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity remains resistant to  unification within the quantum framework.

Alternative Approach: Moving Beyond Graviton Detection

Instead of attempting to formulate a complete theory of gravity or detect individual gravitons—the hypothetical carriers of gravitational force—the researchers adopt an alternative approach.

Serhii Kryhin's Perspective

"In recent years, multiple proposals have emerged aiming to experimentally determine the nature of gravity. However, their execution remains highly challenging. Our goal was to devise a more practical experiment capable of at least falsifying the notion that gravity is classical," stated Serhii Kryhin, a third-year graduate student at Harvard University and co-author of the study.

Reframing the asking Question: Observable Differences Between Classical and Quantum Gravity

Rather than asking whether gravity must be quantized, the researchers reframed the question to seek measurable distinctions: "What observable differences would indicate the necessity of quantizing gravity?"

Quantum vs. Classical Fluctuations

"The concept is straightforward yet has remained overlooked until now. If gravity is inherently quantum, it should facilitate the entaglement of distnat matter due to its long-range nature. Conversely, if gravity is purely classical, such entaglement would be impossible," explained Vivishek Sudhir, Associate Professor at MIT and co-author of the study.

Stochastic Fluctuations in Classical Gravity

The fundamental observation is that if gravity is classical, it must generate unavoidable stochastic fluctuations. These fluctuations arise as a necessary consequence of resolving an inherent inconsistency—without them, classical gravity's determinism would contradict quantum mechanical principles.

Quantum vs. Classical Gravitational Fluctuations

The ingenuity of this approach stems from recognizing that these fluctuations would induce a measurable phase shift in the cross-correlation spectrum, distinguishing classical gravity from its quantum counterpart.

Weak Quantum Fluctuations

"Quantum fluctuations inherently emerge as variations in the dynamic degrees of freedom within general relativity. The key distinction between quantum and classical gravitational fluctuations lies in their magnitude—quantum effects, being relativistic in nature, are exceptionally weak and therefore extremely difficult to detect," explained Kryhin.

Larger Classical Fluctuations

"On the other hand, for classical fluctuations to be theoretically viable and consistent with our current understanding, they would have to be considerably larger," remarked Prof. Sudhir.

Theoretical Model: Interplay Between Quantum and Classical Domains

The researchers present a theoretical model describing the interplay between quantum and classical domains within the Newtonian limit of gravity, where classical gravity and quantum matter coexist.

Quantum-Classical Master Equation

The researchers formulated a quantum-classical master equation governing the joint evolution of quantum matter and classical gravity. Additionally, they derived a Hamiltonian for Newtonian gravity's interaction with quantum masses using two distinct approaches: Dirac's constrained systems theory and the Newtonian limit of gravity.

Modified Newton's Law and Stochastic Effects

Subsequently, they derived a modified quantum Newton's law incorporating stochastic gravitational effects and identified the unique correlation patterns between two gravitationally interacting quantum oscillators.

Markovian Master Equation

Through this mathematical framework, they derived a closed Lindblad equation—a Markovian master equation—governing quantum matter interacting with classical gravity. This equation introduces a parameter,  ε, where ε ≠ 0 Signifies classical gravity and ε = 0 denotes quantum gravity.

Identifying Measurable Quantities

Through their analysis, the researchers uncovered critical insights, establishing that a coherent theoretical model of classical gravity coupled with quantum matter is achievable, challenging earlier claims to the contrary.

Distinct Fluctuations in Classical and Quantum Gravity

Their computations indicate that classical gravity generates fluctuations fundamentally different from those of quantum gravity, with a distinct, experimentally verifiable signature.

Phase Shift in Quantum Harmonic Oscillators

When two quantum harmonic oscillators engage gravitationally, a hallmark phase shift of  π (180 degrees) emerges in their cross-correlation spectrum at a defined detuning from resonance, signaling classical gravity.

Proposed Experiment: The Quantum Cavendish Experiment

To validate these theoretical predictions, the researchers propose a quantum analogue of the historic Cavendish experiment, employing two highly coherent quantum mechanical oscillators coupled via gravity.

Measuring the Phase Shift

The characteristic phase shift could be identified by accurately quantifying the cross-correlation of their movements.

This approach stands out due to its experimental viability. Unlike previous proposals requiring macroscopic quantum superpositions, it leverages correlations between quantum oscillators, achievable with present or near-future technology.

Theoretical Implications: Self-Consistent Interaction Between Gravity and Quantum Matter

Professor Sudhir explained that semiclassical gravity models often disregard the influence of quantum fluctuations of matter on classical gravitational dynamics. In contrast, their framework enables a self-consistent interaction between classical gravity and quantum matter.

Empirical Evidence and Its Potential Impact

Empirical evidence supporting the classical nature of gravity would have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of fundamental physics.

Challenging the Quantum Gravity Paradigm

"The notion that gravity must be quantum is widely accepted, yet its precise implications remain elusive," remarked Kryhin.

Potential Reassessment of Fundamental Physics

"Extensive efforts have been dedicated to formulating a quantized theory of general relativity, leading to the development of string theory as a significant outcome. However, if experiments confirm that gravity is classical, a fundamental reassessment of our ontological understanding of the universe will be necessary."

Challenges Ahead: Formalism Development and Technological Feasibility

While this research provides a fresh taken on a decades-old problem, the team acknowledges that significant hurdles remain, including formalism development, model refinement, and the technological feasibility of the proposed experiment.

Technological Challenges in Sensitivity and Measurement

"Experimentally, achieving the necessary sensitivity for a conclusive test required the precise integration of two gravitating masses, advanced noise isolation, and highly refined measurement techniques," Kryhin concluded.

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Explore the Future of Gravity Research!

A groundbreaking study challenges conventional physics by exploring how stochastic fluctuations could distinguish classical and quantum gravity. Discover how researchers are redefining our understanding of gravity's fundamental nature!

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gravity from entropy quantum gravity

Gravity from Entropy: A Bold New Theory Bridging Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Introduction

Professor Ginestra Bianconi, an applied mathematics expert at Queen Mary University of London, presents a pioneering framework in Physical Review D that could redefine the link between gravity and quantum mechanics.

The Study Overview: Gravity from Quantum Relative Entropy

The study, Gravity from Entropy, presents and innovative framework that derives gravity from quantum relative entropy, offering a potential bridge between quantum mechanics and Einstein's general relativity—two historically conflicting theories.

Challenges in Unifying Quantum Gravity

The Struggle to Integrate Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Physicists have long grappled with the challenge of unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity—two foundational but seemingly incompatible theories. While quantum mechanics dictates particle behavior at microscopic scales, general relativity governs gravitational forces on a cosmic level. Bridging this theoretical divide remains one of the greatest challenges in modern physics.

Professor Bianconi's Groundbreaking Framework

Reinterpreting the Spacetime Metric as a Quantum Operator

Professor Bianconi's research introduces a novel framework in which the spacetime metric—central to general relativity—is reinterpreted as a quantum operator. By leveraging quantum relative entropy, a principle from quantum information theory, this approach provides new insights into the relationship between spacetime geometry and matter.

The Role of Entropy and the G-field

Entropic Action and Deviations in Spacetime Metrics

The research presents an entropic action framework that measures the deviation between spacetime metrics and those influenced by matter fields.

Modifying Einstein's Equations and Predicting a Cosmological Constant

This framework modifies Einstein's equations, which, under low coupling conditions—characterized by low energy and minimal curvature—converge to classical general relativity. Crucially, it also predicts a small, positive cosmological constant, aligning more accurately with observed cosmic acceleration than alternative theories.

The G-field and its Role in Gravity and Dark Matter

This theory introduces the G-field, an auxiliary field serving as a Lagrangian multiplier. It not only refines the structure of modified gravitational equations but also provides a new theoretical avenue for understanding dark matter, whose elusive nature remains one of modern physics' greatest challenges.

Wider Implications and Future Directions

Quantum Gravity and the Unification of Theoretical Physics

This research carries significant implications, offering a novel connection between gravity and quantum information theory. It paves the way for a potential unification of quantum gravity while also providing fresh perspectives on the elusive nature of dark matter.

The Emergent Cosmological Constant and Expanding Our Understanding of the Universe

"Our research suggests that quantum gravity originates from entropic principles, with the G-field potentially serving as a candidate for dark matter," states Professor Bianconi. "Furthermore, our model's emergent cosmological constant may bridge the gap between theoretical predictions and observed cosmic expansion."

The Future of This Theory and Its Potential Impact

While further investigation is necessary to comprehensively assess this theory's implications, the study constitutes a pivotal stride toward deciphering the fundamental nature of the cosmos.

Disrupting Traditional Paradigms in Physics

Professor Bianconi's research disrupts traditional paradigms, introducing novel avenues for inquiry. By conceptualizing spacetime as a quantum entity and harnessing entropy within spacetime metrics, this work offers profound insights into gravity, quantum mechanics, and the cosmos.

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scientists control thz radiation flying focus

Scientists Develop a New Method to Control THz Radiation in Air

Introduction to Terahertz Radiation (THz)

Terahertz (THz) radiation, spanning frequencies from 0.1 to 10 THz, is integral to technologies such as imaging, sensing and spectroscopy. Despite decades of research on THz wave manipulation, precise control of their direction in air remains a challenge.

A Breakthrough by the Research Team at Ecole Polytechnique (CNRS)

A research team at Ecole Polytechnique (CNRS), part of Institute Polytechnique de Paris, has recently demonstrated the ability to steer laser-generated terahertz (THz) radiation in air using a novel technique known as "flying focus." Their findings, published in Physical Review Letters, could unlock new avenues for THz wave manipulation, potentially driving the development of innovative technologies.

Aurélien Houard and His Team's Research on THz Radiation

20 Years of Research on THz Radiation

"My research group has spent almost 20 years studying the production of terahertz (THz) radiation via laser-induced filaments in air," said Aurélien Houard, senior author of the paper, in an interview "A key benefit of these filaments is that they can form far from the laser source in open air. However, the THz emission has remained constrained along the laser axis, limiting its effectiveness for remote sensing applications."

The Flying Focus Technique

Steering Laser-Produced THz Radiation

Houard and his research team sought to effectively steer laser-produced terahertz (THz) radiation in air using "flying focus" a recently introduced technique. This approach is specifically designed to regulate the group velocity of focused femtosecond laser pulses.

The Role of Group Velocity in THz Radiation

"The group velocity plays a crucial role in defining the angular distribution of THz radiation within the filaments," explained Houard. "We then opted to test this principle using plasma filaments in air to determine whether we could regulate ionization velocity and consequently, the THz radiation angle."

Manipulating the Ionization Front for THz Wave Control

Controlling the Ionization Front

In essence, the method used by the researchers involve manipulating the ionization front of the laser (the point where air molecules lose electrons). By controlling this point, the researchers can direct THz waves, steering them at predetermined angles or even reversing their direction.

Frequency Manipulation for Increased Control

"By manipulating the frequency components of the laser pulse, the flying focus technique enables remote control over both the direction and velocity of the plasma generated at the laser's focus," Houard explained. "This allows for an increase in the radiation intensity produced by the plasma and provides control over the direction in which it is emitted."

Promising Results and Future Directions

Initial Success in Experiments

The preliminary experiments conducted by Houard and his team showed highly promising results, demonstrating the potential of the flying focus technique for steering THz waves through air. In the future, their findings may inspire other research groups to adopt this novel method and explore its applicability in various fields, potentially leading to advancements in technologies such as remote THz spectroscopy for detailed material analysis.

Next Steps in THz Radiation Research

Reversing the Direction of THz Radiation

"The study demonstrates that the flying focus technique can reverse the direction of secondary radiation, resulting in backward THz emission," explained Houard. "We now plan to investigate different approaches to improve THz emission from the filament and explore the application of this technique to other forms of secondary radiation produced by laser filaments."

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Physicists Achieve Stable Superconductivity at Ambient Pressure

Breakthrough in Ambient-Pressure Superconductivity

Researchers at the University of Houston's Texas Center for Superconductivity have reached another groundbreaking milestone in their pursuit of ambient-pressure high-temperature superconductivity, advancing the quest for superconductors that function in real-world conditions and paving the way for next-generation energy-efficient technologies.

Investigating Superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST)

Research by Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Wu Chu

Professors Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Chu of the UH Department of Physics investigated the induction of superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST) under pressure while preserving its chemical and structural properties, as detailed in their study, "Creation, stabilization, and investigation at ambient pressure of pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃" published in the Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences.

Link Between Pressure, Topology, and Superconductivity

"The idea that high-pressure treatment of BST might reconfigure its Fermi surface topology and enhance thermoelectric performance emerged in 2001," Deng stated. "That intricate relationship between pressure, topology and superconductivity drew our interest."

Challenges in High-Pressure Superconductors

Metastable States and Practical Limitations

"As materials scientist Pol Duwez once observed, most industrially significant solids exist in a metastable state," Chu explained. "The challenge lies in the fat that many of the most intriguing superconductors require high pressure to function, making them difficult to analyze and even more challenging to implement in real-world applications."

Deng and Chu's innovation offers a solution to this pressing issue.

The Pressure-Quench Protocol (PQP) - A Key Innovation

Deng and Chu pioneered the pressure-quench protocol (PQP), a method introduced in an October UH news release, to stabilize BST's superconducting states at ambient pressure—removing the necessity for high-pressure environments.

Significance of This Discovery

A Novel Approach to Material Phases

Why is this significant? It introduces a novel approach to preserving valuable material phases that typically require high-pressure conditions, enabling both fundamental research and practical applications.

Evidence of High-Pressure Phase Stability

"This experiment provides clear evidence that high-pressure-induced phases can be stabilized at ambient pressure through a delicate electronic transition, without altering symmetry," Chu stated. "This breakthrough opens new possibilities for preserving valuable material phases typically confined to high-pressure conditions and could aid in the quest for superconductors with higher transition temperatures."

Exploring New States of Matter

"Remarkably, this experiment unveiled a groundbreaking method for identigying new states of matter that neither naturally exist at ambient pressure nor emerge under high-pressure conditions," Deng noted. "It underscores PQP's potential as a powerful tool for mapping and expanding material phase diagrams."

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Physicists at the University of Houston have unlocked a new path to stable superconductivity at ambient pressure, paving the way for next-generation energy-efficient technologies. This revolutionary advancement could transform materials science, energy storage, and beyond.

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