stochastic fluctuations affect gravity

New Study Explores How Stochastic Fluctuations Can Differentiate Classical and Quantum Gravity

A study recently published in Physical Review Letters suggests an experimental pathway to resolving the fundamental question of whether gravity adheres to classical or quantum mechanics.

Introduction: The Gravity Dilemma

For decades, physicists have grappled with the enigmatic nature of gravity. Unlike the electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity remains resistant to  unification within the quantum framework.

Alternative Approach: Moving Beyond Graviton Detection

Instead of attempting to formulate a complete theory of gravity or detect individual gravitons—the hypothetical carriers of gravitational force—the researchers adopt an alternative approach.

Serhii Kryhin's Perspective

"In recent years, multiple proposals have emerged aiming to experimentally determine the nature of gravity. However, their execution remains highly challenging. Our goal was to devise a more practical experiment capable of at least falsifying the notion that gravity is classical," stated Serhii Kryhin, a third-year graduate student at Harvard University and co-author of the study.

Reframing the asking Question: Observable Differences Between Classical and Quantum Gravity

Rather than asking whether gravity must be quantized, the researchers reframed the question to seek measurable distinctions: "What observable differences would indicate the necessity of quantizing gravity?"

Quantum vs. Classical Fluctuations

"The concept is straightforward yet has remained overlooked until now. If gravity is inherently quantum, it should facilitate the entaglement of distnat matter due to its long-range nature. Conversely, if gravity is purely classical, such entaglement would be impossible," explained Vivishek Sudhir, Associate Professor at MIT and co-author of the study.

Stochastic Fluctuations in Classical Gravity

The fundamental observation is that if gravity is classical, it must generate unavoidable stochastic fluctuations. These fluctuations arise as a necessary consequence of resolving an inherent inconsistency—without them, classical gravity's determinism would contradict quantum mechanical principles.

Quantum vs. Classical Gravitational Fluctuations

The ingenuity of this approach stems from recognizing that these fluctuations would induce a measurable phase shift in the cross-correlation spectrum, distinguishing classical gravity from its quantum counterpart.

Weak Quantum Fluctuations

"Quantum fluctuations inherently emerge as variations in the dynamic degrees of freedom within general relativity. The key distinction between quantum and classical gravitational fluctuations lies in their magnitude—quantum effects, being relativistic in nature, are exceptionally weak and therefore extremely difficult to detect," explained Kryhin.

Larger Classical Fluctuations

"On the other hand, for classical fluctuations to be theoretically viable and consistent with our current understanding, they would have to be considerably larger," remarked Prof. Sudhir.

Theoretical Model: Interplay Between Quantum and Classical Domains

The researchers present a theoretical model describing the interplay between quantum and classical domains within the Newtonian limit of gravity, where classical gravity and quantum matter coexist.

Quantum-Classical Master Equation

The researchers formulated a quantum-classical master equation governing the joint evolution of quantum matter and classical gravity. Additionally, they derived a Hamiltonian for Newtonian gravity's interaction with quantum masses using two distinct approaches: Dirac's constrained systems theory and the Newtonian limit of gravity.

Modified Newton's Law and Stochastic Effects

Subsequently, they derived a modified quantum Newton's law incorporating stochastic gravitational effects and identified the unique correlation patterns between two gravitationally interacting quantum oscillators.

Markovian Master Equation

Through this mathematical framework, they derived a closed Lindblad equation—a Markovian master equation—governing quantum matter interacting with classical gravity. This equation introduces a parameter,  ε, where ε ≠ 0 Signifies classical gravity and ε = 0 denotes quantum gravity.

Identifying Measurable Quantities

Through their analysis, the researchers uncovered critical insights, establishing that a coherent theoretical model of classical gravity coupled with quantum matter is achievable, challenging earlier claims to the contrary.

Distinct Fluctuations in Classical and Quantum Gravity

Their computations indicate that classical gravity generates fluctuations fundamentally different from those of quantum gravity, with a distinct, experimentally verifiable signature.

Phase Shift in Quantum Harmonic Oscillators

When two quantum harmonic oscillators engage gravitationally, a hallmark phase shift of  π (180 degrees) emerges in their cross-correlation spectrum at a defined detuning from resonance, signaling classical gravity.

Proposed Experiment: The Quantum Cavendish Experiment

To validate these theoretical predictions, the researchers propose a quantum analogue of the historic Cavendish experiment, employing two highly coherent quantum mechanical oscillators coupled via gravity.

Measuring the Phase Shift

The characteristic phase shift could be identified by accurately quantifying the cross-correlation of their movements.

This approach stands out due to its experimental viability. Unlike previous proposals requiring macroscopic quantum superpositions, it leverages correlations between quantum oscillators, achievable with present or near-future technology.

Theoretical Implications: Self-Consistent Interaction Between Gravity and Quantum Matter

Professor Sudhir explained that semiclassical gravity models often disregard the influence of quantum fluctuations of matter on classical gravitational dynamics. In contrast, their framework enables a self-consistent interaction between classical gravity and quantum matter.

Empirical Evidence and Its Potential Impact

Empirical evidence supporting the classical nature of gravity would have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of fundamental physics.

Challenging the Quantum Gravity Paradigm

"The notion that gravity must be quantum is widely accepted, yet its precise implications remain elusive," remarked Kryhin.

Potential Reassessment of Fundamental Physics

"Extensive efforts have been dedicated to formulating a quantized theory of general relativity, leading to the development of string theory as a significant outcome. However, if experiments confirm that gravity is classical, a fundamental reassessment of our ontological understanding of the universe will be necessary."

Challenges Ahead: Formalism Development and Technological Feasibility

While this research provides a fresh taken on a decades-old problem, the team acknowledges that significant hurdles remain, including formalism development, model refinement, and the technological feasibility of the proposed experiment.

Technological Challenges in Sensitivity and Measurement

"Experimentally, achieving the necessary sensitivity for a conclusive test required the precise integration of two gravitating masses, advanced noise isolation, and highly refined measurement techniques," Kryhin concluded.

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gravity from entropy quantum gravity

Gravity from Entropy: A Bold New Theory Bridging Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Introduction

Professor Ginestra Bianconi, an applied mathematics expert at Queen Mary University of London, presents a pioneering framework in Physical Review D that could redefine the link between gravity and quantum mechanics.

The Study Overview: Gravity from Quantum Relative Entropy

The study, Gravity from Entropy, presents and innovative framework that derives gravity from quantum relative entropy, offering a potential bridge between quantum mechanics and Einstein's general relativity—two historically conflicting theories.

Challenges in Unifying Quantum Gravity

The Struggle to Integrate Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Physicists have long grappled with the challenge of unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity—two foundational but seemingly incompatible theories. While quantum mechanics dictates particle behavior at microscopic scales, general relativity governs gravitational forces on a cosmic level. Bridging this theoretical divide remains one of the greatest challenges in modern physics.

Professor Bianconi's Groundbreaking Framework

Reinterpreting the Spacetime Metric as a Quantum Operator

Professor Bianconi's research introduces a novel framework in which the spacetime metric—central to general relativity—is reinterpreted as a quantum operator. By leveraging quantum relative entropy, a principle from quantum information theory, this approach provides new insights into the relationship between spacetime geometry and matter.

The Role of Entropy and the G-field

Entropic Action and Deviations in Spacetime Metrics

The research presents an entropic action framework that measures the deviation between spacetime metrics and those influenced by matter fields.

Modifying Einstein's Equations and Predicting a Cosmological Constant

This framework modifies Einstein's equations, which, under low coupling conditions—characterized by low energy and minimal curvature—converge to classical general relativity. Crucially, it also predicts a small, positive cosmological constant, aligning more accurately with observed cosmic acceleration than alternative theories.

The G-field and its Role in Gravity and Dark Matter

This theory introduces the G-field, an auxiliary field serving as a Lagrangian multiplier. It not only refines the structure of modified gravitational equations but also provides a new theoretical avenue for understanding dark matter, whose elusive nature remains one of modern physics' greatest challenges.

Wider Implications and Future Directions

Quantum Gravity and the Unification of Theoretical Physics

This research carries significant implications, offering a novel connection between gravity and quantum information theory. It paves the way for a potential unification of quantum gravity while also providing fresh perspectives on the elusive nature of dark matter.

The Emergent Cosmological Constant and Expanding Our Understanding of the Universe

"Our research suggests that quantum gravity originates from entropic principles, with the G-field potentially serving as a candidate for dark matter," states Professor Bianconi. "Furthermore, our model's emergent cosmological constant may bridge the gap between theoretical predictions and observed cosmic expansion."

The Future of This Theory and Its Potential Impact

While further investigation is necessary to comprehensively assess this theory's implications, the study constitutes a pivotal stride toward deciphering the fundamental nature of the cosmos.

Disrupting Traditional Paradigms in Physics

Professor Bianconi's research disrupts traditional paradigms, introducing novel avenues for inquiry. By conceptualizing spacetime as a quantum entity and harnessing entropy within spacetime metrics, this work offers profound insights into gravity, quantum mechanics, and the cosmos.

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scientists control thz radiation flying focus

Scientists Develop a New Method to Control THz Radiation in Air

Introduction to Terahertz Radiation (THz)

Terahertz (THz) radiation, spanning frequencies from 0.1 to 10 THz, is integral to technologies such as imaging, sensing and spectroscopy. Despite decades of research on THz wave manipulation, precise control of their direction in air remains a challenge.

A Breakthrough by the Research Team at Ecole Polytechnique (CNRS)

A research team at Ecole Polytechnique (CNRS), part of Institute Polytechnique de Paris, has recently demonstrated the ability to steer laser-generated terahertz (THz) radiation in air using a novel technique known as "flying focus." Their findings, published in Physical Review Letters, could unlock new avenues for THz wave manipulation, potentially driving the development of innovative technologies.

Aurélien Houard and His Team's Research on THz Radiation

20 Years of Research on THz Radiation

"My research group has spent almost 20 years studying the production of terahertz (THz) radiation via laser-induced filaments in air," said Aurélien Houard, senior author of the paper, in an interview "A key benefit of these filaments is that they can form far from the laser source in open air. However, the THz emission has remained constrained along the laser axis, limiting its effectiveness for remote sensing applications."

The Flying Focus Technique

Steering Laser-Produced THz Radiation

Houard and his research team sought to effectively steer laser-produced terahertz (THz) radiation in air using "flying focus" a recently introduced technique. This approach is specifically designed to regulate the group velocity of focused femtosecond laser pulses.

The Role of Group Velocity in THz Radiation

"The group velocity plays a crucial role in defining the angular distribution of THz radiation within the filaments," explained Houard. "We then opted to test this principle using plasma filaments in air to determine whether we could regulate ionization velocity and consequently, the THz radiation angle."

Manipulating the Ionization Front for THz Wave Control

Controlling the Ionization Front

In essence, the method used by the researchers involve manipulating the ionization front of the laser (the point where air molecules lose electrons). By controlling this point, the researchers can direct THz waves, steering them at predetermined angles or even reversing their direction.

Frequency Manipulation for Increased Control

"By manipulating the frequency components of the laser pulse, the flying focus technique enables remote control over both the direction and velocity of the plasma generated at the laser's focus," Houard explained. "This allows for an increase in the radiation intensity produced by the plasma and provides control over the direction in which it is emitted."

Promising Results and Future Directions

Initial Success in Experiments

The preliminary experiments conducted by Houard and his team showed highly promising results, demonstrating the potential of the flying focus technique for steering THz waves through air. In the future, their findings may inspire other research groups to adopt this novel method and explore its applicability in various fields, potentially leading to advancements in technologies such as remote THz spectroscopy for detailed material analysis.

Next Steps in THz Radiation Research

Reversing the Direction of THz Radiation

"The study demonstrates that the flying focus technique can reverse the direction of secondary radiation, resulting in backward THz emission," explained Houard. "We now plan to investigate different approaches to improve THz emission from the filament and explore the application of this technique to other forms of secondary radiation produced by laser filaments."

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stable superconductivity ambient pressure

Physicists Achieve Stable Superconductivity at Ambient Pressure

Breakthrough in Ambient-Pressure Superconductivity

Researchers at the University of Houston's Texas Center for Superconductivity have reached another groundbreaking milestone in their pursuit of ambient-pressure high-temperature superconductivity, advancing the quest for superconductors that function in real-world conditions and paving the way for next-generation energy-efficient technologies.

Investigating Superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST)

Research by Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Wu Chu

Professors Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Chu of the UH Department of Physics investigated the induction of superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST) under pressure while preserving its chemical and structural properties, as detailed in their study, "Creation, stabilization, and investigation at ambient pressure of pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃" published in the Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences.

Link Between Pressure, Topology, and Superconductivity

"The idea that high-pressure treatment of BST might reconfigure its Fermi surface topology and enhance thermoelectric performance emerged in 2001," Deng stated. "That intricate relationship between pressure, topology and superconductivity drew our interest."

Challenges in High-Pressure Superconductors

Metastable States and Practical Limitations

"As materials scientist Pol Duwez once observed, most industrially significant solids exist in a metastable state," Chu explained. "The challenge lies in the fat that many of the most intriguing superconductors require high pressure to function, making them difficult to analyze and even more challenging to implement in real-world applications."

Deng and Chu's innovation offers a solution to this pressing issue.

The Pressure-Quench Protocol (PQP) - A Key Innovation

Deng and Chu pioneered the pressure-quench protocol (PQP), a method introduced in an October UH news release, to stabilize BST's superconducting states at ambient pressure—removing the necessity for high-pressure environments.

Significance of This Discovery

A Novel Approach to Material Phases

Why is this significant? It introduces a novel approach to preserving valuable material phases that typically require high-pressure conditions, enabling both fundamental research and practical applications.

Evidence of High-Pressure Phase Stability

"This experiment provides clear evidence that high-pressure-induced phases can be stabilized at ambient pressure through a delicate electronic transition, without altering symmetry," Chu stated. "This breakthrough opens new possibilities for preserving valuable material phases typically confined to high-pressure conditions and could aid in the quest for superconductors with higher transition temperatures."

Exploring New States of Matter

"Remarkably, this experiment unveiled a groundbreaking method for identigying new states of matter that neither naturally exist at ambient pressure nor emerge under high-pressure conditions," Deng noted. "It underscores PQP's potential as a powerful tool for mapping and expanding material phase diagrams."

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three nucleon force nuclear stability heavy elements study

New Study Unveils Overlooked Nuclear Force That Stabilizes Matter

Kyushu University Researchers Discover  Three-Nucleon Force's Role in Nuclear Stability

Researchers at Kyushu University, have uncovered how the three-nucleon force within an atom's nucleus influences nuclear stability. Their study in Physics Letter B sheds light on why certain nuclei are more stable and offers insights into astrophysical processes, such as the formation of heavy elements in stars.

The Nucleus: The Heart of Atomic Matter

Atoms, the fundamental constituents of matter, serve as the building blocks of the universe. The majority of an atom's mass is concentrated in its minuscule nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons, collectively termed nucleons. For over a century, a key focus in nuclear physics has been understanding the interactions between these nucleons that ensure nuclear stability and maintain a low-energy state.

The Two-Nucleon Force: The Strongest Nuclear Interaction

The strongest nuclear interactions is the two-nucleon force, which acts as an attractive force at long range, drawing two nucleons together, while repelling them at short range to prevent excessive proximity.

The Complexity of the Three-Nucleon Force

"Researchers have gained a solid understanding of the two-nucleon force and its influence on nuclear stability," say Tokuro Fukui, Assistant Professor at Kyushu University's Faculty of Arts and Science. "However, the three-nucleon force, involving interactions among three nucleons at once, remains far more complex and not yet fully understood."

Illustrating the Nuclear Forces with a Game of Catch

Fukui illustrates nuclear forces by comparing them to a game of catch. In the case of the two-nucleon force, two nucleons interact by tossing a ball, which represents a subatomic particle called a meson. The meson's mass varies, with the pion, the lightest meson, being responsible for the long-range attraction between nucleons.

The Three-Nucleon Force: A More Complex Interaction

In the case of the three-nucleon force, three nucleons interact, passing mesons or balls between them. Simultaneously, while tossing and catching the mesons, the nucleons also spin and orbit within the nucleus.

Recent Research Highlights the Importance of the Three-Nucleon Force

While the three-nucleon force has traditionally been regarded as less significant than the two-nucleon force, recent research is increasingly recognizing its importance. This new study elucidates the mechanism by which the three-nucleon force contributes to nuclear stability, showing that its influence strengthens as the nucleus increases in size.

Advanced Research Methods: Supercomputer Simulations and Nuclear Theory

Through their research, Fukui and his team used advanced nuclear theory and supercomputer simulations to analyze the exchange of pions between three nucleons. They identified that two pions exchanged between nucleons result in restricted movement and spin, leaving only four potential combinations. Their calculations revealed that the "rank-1 component" among these combinations is vital for nuclear stability.

Spin-Orbit Splitting and Nuclear Stability

Fukui explains that the increased stability arises from the enhancement of a phenomenon known as spin-orbit splitting. When nucleons spin and orbit in the same direction, their alignment lowers the system's energy. However, when they spin and orbit in opposite directions, the nucleons occupy a higher energy state. This results in nucleons "splitting" into distinct energy levels, contributing to the stability of the nucleus.

Simulations Show the Greater Impact on Nucleons with Opposing Spins

According to Fukui, their supercomputer simulations indicated that the three-nucleon force increases the energy of nucleons with aligned spins and orbits, but has an even greater effect on nucleons with opposing spins and orbits. This results in a broader energy gap between shells, further stabilizing the nucleus.

Implications for Heavier Elements and Fusion Processes

This effects is particularly notable in heavier nuclei with a higher number of nucleons. In carbon-12, the heaviest element studied with 12 nucleons, the three-nucleon force led to a 2.5-fold expansion of the energy gap.

Fukui states, "The effect is so pronounced that it almost equals the influence of the two-nucleon force. We foresee a stronger impact in heavier elements beyond carbon-12, which we aim to study in our upcoming research."

The Role of Three-Nucleon Force in Element Formation in Stars

The three-nucleon force may be crucial in explaining how heavy elements emerge from the fusion of lighter elements in stars. As this force intensifies in heavier nuclei, it enhances their stability by widening the energy gaps between nuclear shells.

Enhanced Stability and Its Impact on Neutron Capture

This enhanced stability makes it harder for the nucleus to capture additional neutrons, a critical step in forming heavier elements. When the nucleus contains a "magic number" of protons or neutrons that completely fill its shells, it becomes exceptionally stable, further obstructing the fusion process.

Predicting Heavy Element Formation: The Importance of Energy Gaps

"For scientists trying to predict how heavy elements form, knowing the energy gap between unclear shells is critical—something that cannot be done without understanding the three-nucleon force." explains Fukui. "For magic number nuclei, this may require generating immense energy."

Quantum Entanglement of Nucleons: A Surprising Discovery

In their final discovery, the researchers identified another unexpected impact of the three-nucleon force on nucleon spins. With just the two-nucleon force, the spin states of each nucleon can be measured separately. However, the three-nucleon force induces quantum entanglement, where the spins of two of the three nucleons exist in both states simultaneously until observe.

Quantum Entanglement and Its Implications for Quantum Computing

"Similar to electrons, nucleons can exhibit quantum entanglement, although the greater mass of nucleons introduces distinct challenges. These variations could significant implications for future research, particularly in advancing technologies like quantum computing," concludes Fukui.

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majorana zero modes jones polynomials experimental study

Researchers Compute Jones Polynomial Using Majorana Zero Modes

Introduction to Jones Polynomials and Topological Invariants

A research team has successfully calculated the Jones polynomial experimentally using quantum simulations of braided Majorana zero modes. By simulating the braiding operations of Majorana fermions, they determined the Jones polynomials for various links. Their findings were published in Physical Review Letters.

Importance of Jones Polynomials in Topology

Link and Knot Invariants

Invariants of links or knots, like the Jones polynomials, are essential tools for assessing the topological equivalence of knots. Their determination is of significant interest due to applications spanning fields like DNA biology and condensed matter physics.

Computational Challenges and the Promise of Quantum Simulations

Approximating the Jones polynomials is a computationally challenging task, classified as #P-hard, with classical algorithms demanding exponential resources. However, quantum simulations present a promising avenue for studying non-Abelian anyons, with Majorana zero modes (MZMs) emerging as the most viable candidates for realizing non-Abelian statistics experimentally.

Experimental Setup and Quantum Simulation of MZM Braiding

Photonic Quantum Simulator and Braiding Operations

Utilizing a photonic quantum simulator with two-photon correlations and nondissipative imaginary-time evolution, the team executed two distinct MZM braiding operations, creating anyonic worldlines for multiple links. This platform enabled experimental simulations of the topological properties of non-Abelian anyons.

Simulating MZM Exchange Operations and Geometric Phase

The team successfully simulated the exchange operations of a single Kitaev chain MZM, identified the non-Abelian geometric phase of MZMs in two-Kitaev chain model, and extended their work to higher dimensions. They examined the semion zeroth mode's braiding process, which exhibited immunity to local noise and preserved quantum contextual resources.

Advancements in Quantum State Encoding and Evolution

Transitioning to Dual-Photon Encoding Method

Building on their previous work, the team transitioned from a single-photon encoding method to a dual-photon, spatial approach, leveraging coincidence counting of dual photons for encoding. This advancement dramatically expanded the number of quantum states that could be encoded.

Quantum Cooling Device and Multi-Step Evolution

By incorporating a Sagnac interferometer-based quantum cooling device, the team transformed dissipative evolution into nondissipative evolution. This advancement enhanced the device's ability to recycle photonic resources, enabling multi-step quantum evolution operations. These innovations significantly improved the photonic quantum simulator's capabilities and established a robust foundation for simulating the braiding of Majorana zero modes in three Kitaev models.

Results and Validation

High-Fidelity Quantum State and Braiding Operations

The team validated their experimental setup by demonstrating that it could accurately execute the intended braiding evolution's of MZMs, achieving an average quantum state and braiding operation fidelity exceeding 97%.

Simulating Topological Knots

Jones Polynomials of Topologically Distinct Links

The research team combined various braiding operations of Majorana zero modes in three Kitaev chain models to simulate five representative topological knots, deriving the Jones polynomials for five distinct links and distinguishing topologically inequivalent links.

Broader Implications for Multiple Scientific Fields

This advancement holds significant potential for fields such as statistical physics, molecular synthesis technology, and integrated DNA replication, where complex topological links and knots are commonly encountered.

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atlas records precise bᴼ meson lifetime lhc

Pioneering Precision: Scientists Record Electrically Neutral Beauty Meson Lifetime

New High-Precision Measurement of Bᴼ Meson Lifetime by ATLAS Collaboration

Researchers from the ATLAS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have unveiled a new high-precision measurement of the electrically neutral beauty (Bᴼ) meson's lifetime, a hadron made up of a bottom antiquark and a down quark.

Understanding Beauty Mesons and Their Significance

Beauty (B) mesons consist of two qarks, including a bottom quark. For decades, their study has allowed physicists to probe rare, well-predicted phenomena, offering insights into weak force-mediated interactions and the dynamics of heavy-quark bound states. Accurate determination of the Bᴼ meson lifetime, the interval before its decay, remains crucial in this research domain.

ATLAS Collaboration's Latest Study on Bᴼ Meson Decay

The ATLAS collaboration's latest study on the Bᴼ meson focuses on its decay into an excited neutral kaon (K ͯ ᴼ) and a J/ψ meson. The J/ψ meson subsequently decays into two muons, while the k K ͯ ᴼ meson is analyzed through its decay into a charged pion and a charged kaon. This analysis leverages a substantial data set of 140 inverse femtobarns collected from proton-proton collisions during LHC Run 2 (2015-2018).

Measurement of Bᴼ Meson Lifetime

The ATLAS team reported a measurement of the Bᴼ meson lifetime at 1.5053 picoseconds (1 ps = 10⁻¹² seconds), with statistical and systematic uncertainties of 0.0012 ps and 0.0035 ps, respectively. This is the most precise determination to date, marking a significant enhancement over previous results, including prior ATLAS findings.

Overcoming Experimental Challenges

To achieve these precise measurements, researchers had to surmount various experimental challenges, such as systematic uncertainty minimization, advanced modeling, and refined detector alignment.

Decay Width Measurement and Its Implications

Beyond measuring the Bᴼ meson lifetime, the ATLAS team also determined its decay width, a fundamental property of unstable with finite lifetime. According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, shorter lifetime correspond to broader decay widths. The Bᴼ meson's decay width was measured as 0.664 inverse picoseconds (ps⁻¹), with a total uncertainty of 0.004 ps⁻¹.

Comparison with Bsᴼ Meson Decay Width

The researchers subsequently compared their result with an earlier measurement of the decay width of the Bsᴼ meson, which consists of a bottom quark and a strange quark. The ratio of the decay widths was found to be consistent with unity, indicating similar values for both measurements. These findings align with the predictions of the heavy-quark model and provide valuable data for refining these predictions.

Impact on Our Understanding of Weak-Force-Mediated Decays

The latest ATLAS precision measurements significantly deepen our understanding of weak-force-mediated decays within the Standard Model and offer crucial data for advancing future theoretical research.

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first-search-sueps-13-tev-cms-collider

Soft Unclustered Energy at 13 TeV: A First Search in Proton-Proton Collisions

Introduction to Hidden Valley Models and SUEPs

Many physics studies aim to experimentally uncover exotic phenomena extending beyond the Standard Model (SM), as outlined by theoretical frameworks. Among these are hidden valley models, which propose a dark sector where particles interact via a strong, dark force. These models predict particles and interactions with unique decay characteristics.

CMS Collaboration's Groundbreaking Search for SUEPs

In a recent publication in Physical Review Letters, researchers from the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) collaboration at CERN reported the results of the first search for soft unclustered energy patterns (SUEPs), a unique signal predicted by hidden valley models in high-energy particle collisions.

SUEPs and Their Role in Extending the Standard Model

"SUEPs belong to a broader class of theories aimed at extending the Standard Model to address unresolved phenomena in universe, such as dark matter and matter-antimatter asymmetry," said Luca Lavezzo of the CMS search team in an interview with Phys.

Theoretical Foundations of Hidden Valley Models

Specifically, these phenomena are among the predictions derived from hidden valley theories. Introduced nearly two decades ago by Matt Strassler and Kathryn Zurek, these theories propose a "Dark Sector" distinct from the Standard Model, characterized by its own strong, confining force, analogous to the Standard Model's strong force that binds quarks and gluons into hadrons such as protons and neutrons.

Challenges in Validating Hidden Valley Predictions

Many of the fascinating predictions made by hidden valley models have yet to undergo experimental validation. When these theories were first proposed, the technological limitations of the time rendered searches for the predicted dark sectors impractical, deferring such efforts to future studies.

Revisiting Hidden Valley Theories with Colliders

"Several years ago, as interest in investigating complex dark sectors grew within the scientific community, theorists and experimentalists revisited the unusual predictions of hidden valley theories, realizing that some could now be explored using colliders," said Lavezzo.

New Search Strategies for SUEPs and Other Phenomena

Soft unclustered energy patterns (SUEPs), semivisible jets, and emerging jets represent the initial set of searches aimed at validating specific predictions from hidden valley models, all published within the last few years.

Characterizing SUEPs in High-Energy Collisions

Hidden valley models suggest that high-energy particle collisions might produce distinct signatures, such as SUEPs, characterized by numerous low-momentum particles arranged in a spherical pattern within particle colliders like those used in the CMS experiment.

Challenges in Identifying SUEPs in Collider Events

"This is a highly distinct signature compared to Standard Model predictions. However, identifying a SUEP in a typical collider event is challenging due to the presence of several dozen simultaneous collisions, each generating numerous low-energy particles," Lavezzo explained.

Refining Trigger Mechanisms to Capture SUEP Events

"Additionally, our trigger mechanisms—criteria determining which proton—proton collisions are deemed noteworthy—are specifically configured to capture events involving high-energy particles, making it challenging to select those with naturally low energy."

New Strategies in Search of SUEPs

To overcome the challenges that hindered previous searches for these particles, the CMS Collaboration first ensured that the particle responsible for generating a SUEP—acting as the 'Portal' between the Standard Model and Hidden Valley models—recoiled against an SM particle, specifically a jet in their experiment. This recoil results in an event where both particles exhibit substantial yet balanced energy, enabling the event to be triggered on the SM jet.

Differentiating Between SUEPs and Standard Model Jets

"By employing this strategy, the SUEP's structure shifts from a spherical pattern to one resembling a broader version of an SM jet—s shower of particles from a quark," explained Lavezzo.

Challenges in Comparing Predictions to Experimental Observations

"The challenge now is to differentiate between SM jets and SUEPs. However, obtaining reliable predictions through our traditional methods proves difficult in these complex environments and events, which is essential for comparing our measurements to theoretical models and determining if there is any evidence of SUEPs or if the observations align with Standard Model expectations."

Innovative Methods for Estimating SM Contributions

The CMS collaboration chose to estimate the contribution of SM events directly from the data they gathered during their search. This was done by utilizing the extended-ABCD method, a method that helps assess the SM contribution in the signal region.

Successful Exclusion of SUEP Theorie's Phase Space

"We are the first team to conduct a search for SUEPs at colliders, and we successfully excluded a significant portion of the available phase space for SUEP theories. Additionally, we've established a set of methods that we hope will be further developed in future studies," stated Lavezzo. "The response from theorists, including Matt Strassler who originally proposed SUEPs, was incredibly positive. They were excited about our experimental findings, as it opens the door for testing more hypotheses."

Future Directions and Open Questions in SUEP Research

The recent search undertaken by this research group has provided new constraints that will inform future strategies for detecting SUEPs in particle colliders. Hidden Valley models suggest that SUEPs should be fully visible, meaning that all dark sector particles decay to Standard Model particles. However, this assumption may not necessarily apply.

The Possibility of Stable, Undetectable, SUEPs

"SUEPs may decay into the Standard Model after a certain lifespan, or some could remain stable and undetectable, leading to distinct signatures that previous searches might have missed," explained Lavezzo. "Further focused searches could be conducted in areas where our approach was not optimized; notably, low-mass portals remain largely unconstrained.

Source

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