3D time theory quantum unification kletetschka

Radical 3D Time Theory Re-imagines Reality: Space Emerges from Time, Says UAF Scientist

Time as the Fundamental Fabric of Reality

A recent theory from a scientist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks suggests that time, rather than space-time, constitutes the only true foundation upon which all physical processes unfold.

The theory contends that time consists of three separate dimensions, challenging the traditional view of a single forward-flowing continuum. Space, in turn, arises as a secondary effect.

"These three temporal dimensions constitute the fundamental fabric of reality—akin to the canvas upon which a painting is made," explained Associate Professor Gunther Kletetschka of the UAF Geophysical Institute. "Space, though still three-dimensional, is more comparable to the paint upon that canvas than the canvas itself."

Challenging Mainstream Physics

Such ideas represent a clear departure from mainstream physics, which posits that reality comprises one temporal dimensions—collectively to as spacetime, a unified framework introduced over a century ago.

The six-dimensional model proposed by Kletetschka, uniting and space, could potentially advance efforts to uncover a comprehensive theory of everything.

An Ongoing Scientific Pursuit

Time dimensions that move beyond our everyday linear experience remain elusive and difficult to visualize. Various models have been advanced by theoretical physicists.

Kletetschka's study, released on 21 April in Reports in Advances of Physical Science, contributes to a longstanding line of inquiry pursued by theoretical physicists into an area beyond mainstream physics.

A Testable Theory with Experimental Ties

He maintains that his theoretical structure—based on time having three dimensions—offers improvements over previous models, chiefly through its ability to recreate known particle masses and measurable properties.

"Previous theories of three-dimensional time were largely abstract mathematical models lacking tangible experimental ties," he remarked. "My research elevates the idea to a testable physical theory, validated through several independent methods."

The theory may enable predictions of as-yet-unknown particle properties and contribute to uncovering the origin of mass—ultimately addressing one of physics' most profound questions.

What is 3D Time?

A New Geometric Model of Time

Three-dimensional time refers to a theoretical model in which time, akin to space, unfolds along three independent axes—much like the familiar X, Y and Z directions in spatial geometry.

Visualize strolling down a linear path, with each step marking time's familiar forward march. Then, consider a second route that veers across the first, running laterally.

Were you to step onto that sideways path while remaining within the same point in 'ordinary time', you might encounter subtle differences—perhaps an alternative version of the same day. Travelling this perpendicular route could allow one to explore varied outcomes without moving forwards or backwards in time as we understand it.

Alternative Outcomes and Transitions

The second dimension of time is marked by the existence of alternative outcomes; the third lies in the mechanism enabling transitions between them.

Refining the Theory Beyond Conventional Physics

Kletetschka asserted that his theory addresses several shortcomings present in earlier models of three-dimensional time rooted in conventional physics.

Some previous theories of time propose multiple dimensions wherein the usual order of cause and effect is obscured. Kletetschka's formulation maintains this order, though via a more sophisticated mathematical structure.

Some researchers—among them theoretical physicist Itzhak Bars of the University of Southern California—believe that in three-dimensional time, the second and third dimensions may manifest under conditions of extreme energy, such as those present in the early universe or during high-energy particle collisions.

A Universal Unifier?

Reuniting Gravity and Quantum Mechanics

Bars and fellow theoretical physicists regard the exploration of three-dimensional time as a promising route towards addressing some of physics' most perplexing questions.

Kletetschka's method could potentially address one of the most formidable problems in physics: reconciling quantum mechanics with gravity in a unified theory.

Towards a 'Theory of Everything'

A quantum theory of gravity may well pave the way to a unified theory of the universe—a "Theory of Everything" that brings together all four fundamental forces: electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces and gravity.

While the Standard Model unifies electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity remains the domain of Einstein's general relativity.

The two frameworks remain fundamentally incompatible, prompting physicists to pursue a "Theory of Everything" that unites them —understanding the origin of particle masses being key to this endeavour.

Rethinking Physical Reality

Kletetschka is confident that his three-dimensional time theory offers valuable insight. His model successfully reproduces the known masses of particles like electrons, muons and quarks, while also accounting for their origins.

"The journey toward unification may necessitate a fundamental rethinking of the very nature of physical reality," he remarked. "this theory illustrates how adopting a three-dimensional view of time can resolve numerous physical conundrums within one consistent mathematical model."

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Mediterranean Neutrino Observatory Sheds Light on Quantum Gravity & Decoherence

Quantum Gravity and the Role of Neutrinos

Quantum gravity remains the elusive bridge between general relativity and quantum mechanics, offering the potential for a unified theory that can describe both the vastness of the universe and the minutiae of the subatomic world. The key to this mystery might reside in the neutrino, a nearly invisible elementary particle that, due to its lack of electric charge and minimal interaction with matter, passes through solid objects without leaving a trace.

Challenges in Detecting Neutrinos

Due to their elusive nature, detecting neutrinos is an immense challenge. However, in rare instances, they can interact with water molecules deep beneath the ocean. This interaction emits particles that generate a distinctive "blue glow," known as Čerenkov radiation, which can be observed using advanced detectors like KM3NeT.

KM3NeT: the Underwater Neutrino Observatory

The KM3NeT (Kilometer Cube Neutrino Telescope|) is a vast underwater observatory designed to capture neutrino interactions in water. It comprises two detectors, including ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), which was utilized for this study, ORCA is situated off the coast of Toulon, France, at a depth of around 2,450 meters.

Neutrino Oscillations and Decoherence

Simply detecting neutrinos is insufficient to infer the properties of quantum gravity—we must also seek indicators of "decoherence."

How neutrino Oscillations Work

Neutrinos undergo "Oscillations" as they traverse space, shifting between different identities—a process known as flavor oscillations. These oscillations depend on coherence, a key quantum property that allows a neutrino to exist as a superposition of three mass states. If quantum gravity influences coherence, it may dampen or even inhibit these oscillations, a phenomenon termed "decoherence."

Scientific perspective on Decoherence

"Various quantum gravity theories anticipate this effect, as they suggest that neutrinos do not exist in isolation but rather interact with their surrounding environment," explains Nadja Lessing, a physicist at the Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, University of Valencia and corresponding author of this study, which includes contributions from hundreds of researcher worldwide.

Experimental Observations from KM3NeT/ORCA

"Experimentally, we recognize that a signature of this effect would be the suppression of neutrino oscillations," indicating that as the neutrino travels—ultimately reaching the KM3NeT sensors at the bottom of the Mediterranean—it may interact with its surrounding in a manner that disrupts or attenuates its oscillatory behavior.

Findings and Their Significance

Lessing and her colleagues found no evidence of decoherence in the neutrinos detected by the KM3NeT/ORCA underwater observatory, offering important neutrino behavior.

Implications for Future Research

As Lessing explains, 'if quantum gravity influences neutrino oscillations, its impact remains below the current detection threshold.' This study has set more stringent upper limits on the effect's strength than previous atmospheric neutrino experiments, while also guiding future research.

Growing Interest in Quantum Gravity Research

"Detecting neutrino decoherence would be a groundbreaking discovery," says Lessing. To date, no direct evidence of quantum gravity has been found, making neutrino studies an area of increasing interest. "There is growing enthusiasm in this field, as quantum gravity researchers recognize that decoherence may not be attributable to any other known mechanism."

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Published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (2025), the research titled Search for Quantum Decoherence in Neutrino Oscillations with Six Detection Units of KM3NeT/ORCA explores decoherence effects in neutrino physics. The preprint is accessible on arXiv: DOI:10.48550/arxiv.2410.01388.

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New Study Explores How Stochastic Fluctuations Can Differentiate Classical and Quantum Gravity

A study recently published in Physical Review Letters suggests an experimental pathway to resolving the fundamental question of whether gravity adheres to classical or quantum mechanics.

Introduction: The Gravity Dilemma

For decades, physicists have grappled with the enigmatic nature of gravity. Unlike the electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity remains resistant to  unification within the quantum framework.

Alternative Approach: Moving Beyond Graviton Detection

Instead of attempting to formulate a complete theory of gravity or detect individual gravitons—the hypothetical carriers of gravitational force—the researchers adopt an alternative approach.

Serhii Kryhin's Perspective

"In recent years, multiple proposals have emerged aiming to experimentally determine the nature of gravity. However, their execution remains highly challenging. Our goal was to devise a more practical experiment capable of at least falsifying the notion that gravity is classical," stated Serhii Kryhin, a third-year graduate student at Harvard University and co-author of the study.

Reframing the asking Question: Observable Differences Between Classical and Quantum Gravity

Rather than asking whether gravity must be quantized, the researchers reframed the question to seek measurable distinctions: "What observable differences would indicate the necessity of quantizing gravity?"

Quantum vs. Classical Fluctuations

"The concept is straightforward yet has remained overlooked until now. If gravity is inherently quantum, it should facilitate the entaglement of distnat matter due to its long-range nature. Conversely, if gravity is purely classical, such entaglement would be impossible," explained Vivishek Sudhir, Associate Professor at MIT and co-author of the study.

Stochastic Fluctuations in Classical Gravity

The fundamental observation is that if gravity is classical, it must generate unavoidable stochastic fluctuations. These fluctuations arise as a necessary consequence of resolving an inherent inconsistency—without them, classical gravity's determinism would contradict quantum mechanical principles.

Quantum vs. Classical Gravitational Fluctuations

The ingenuity of this approach stems from recognizing that these fluctuations would induce a measurable phase shift in the cross-correlation spectrum, distinguishing classical gravity from its quantum counterpart.

Weak Quantum Fluctuations

"Quantum fluctuations inherently emerge as variations in the dynamic degrees of freedom within general relativity. The key distinction between quantum and classical gravitational fluctuations lies in their magnitude—quantum effects, being relativistic in nature, are exceptionally weak and therefore extremely difficult to detect," explained Kryhin.

Larger Classical Fluctuations

"On the other hand, for classical fluctuations to be theoretically viable and consistent with our current understanding, they would have to be considerably larger," remarked Prof. Sudhir.

Theoretical Model: Interplay Between Quantum and Classical Domains

The researchers present a theoretical model describing the interplay between quantum and classical domains within the Newtonian limit of gravity, where classical gravity and quantum matter coexist.

Quantum-Classical Master Equation

The researchers formulated a quantum-classical master equation governing the joint evolution of quantum matter and classical gravity. Additionally, they derived a Hamiltonian for Newtonian gravity's interaction with quantum masses using two distinct approaches: Dirac's constrained systems theory and the Newtonian limit of gravity.

Modified Newton's Law and Stochastic Effects

Subsequently, they derived a modified quantum Newton's law incorporating stochastic gravitational effects and identified the unique correlation patterns between two gravitationally interacting quantum oscillators.

Markovian Master Equation

Through this mathematical framework, they derived a closed Lindblad equation—a Markovian master equation—governing quantum matter interacting with classical gravity. This equation introduces a parameter,  ε, where ε ≠ 0 Signifies classical gravity and ε = 0 denotes quantum gravity.

Identifying Measurable Quantities

Through their analysis, the researchers uncovered critical insights, establishing that a coherent theoretical model of classical gravity coupled with quantum matter is achievable, challenging earlier claims to the contrary.

Distinct Fluctuations in Classical and Quantum Gravity

Their computations indicate that classical gravity generates fluctuations fundamentally different from those of quantum gravity, with a distinct, experimentally verifiable signature.

Phase Shift in Quantum Harmonic Oscillators

When two quantum harmonic oscillators engage gravitationally, a hallmark phase shift of  π (180 degrees) emerges in their cross-correlation spectrum at a defined detuning from resonance, signaling classical gravity.

Proposed Experiment: The Quantum Cavendish Experiment

To validate these theoretical predictions, the researchers propose a quantum analogue of the historic Cavendish experiment, employing two highly coherent quantum mechanical oscillators coupled via gravity.

Measuring the Phase Shift

The characteristic phase shift could be identified by accurately quantifying the cross-correlation of their movements.

This approach stands out due to its experimental viability. Unlike previous proposals requiring macroscopic quantum superpositions, it leverages correlations between quantum oscillators, achievable with present or near-future technology.

Theoretical Implications: Self-Consistent Interaction Between Gravity and Quantum Matter

Professor Sudhir explained that semiclassical gravity models often disregard the influence of quantum fluctuations of matter on classical gravitational dynamics. In contrast, their framework enables a self-consistent interaction between classical gravity and quantum matter.

Empirical Evidence and Its Potential Impact

Empirical evidence supporting the classical nature of gravity would have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of fundamental physics.

Challenging the Quantum Gravity Paradigm

"The notion that gravity must be quantum is widely accepted, yet its precise implications remain elusive," remarked Kryhin.

Potential Reassessment of Fundamental Physics

"Extensive efforts have been dedicated to formulating a quantized theory of general relativity, leading to the development of string theory as a significant outcome. However, if experiments confirm that gravity is classical, a fundamental reassessment of our ontological understanding of the universe will be necessary."

Challenges Ahead: Formalism Development and Technological Feasibility

While this research provides a fresh taken on a decades-old problem, the team acknowledges that significant hurdles remain, including formalism development, model refinement, and the technological feasibility of the proposed experiment.

Technological Challenges in Sensitivity and Measurement

"Experimentally, achieving the necessary sensitivity for a conclusive test required the precise integration of two gravitating masses, advanced noise isolation, and highly refined measurement techniques," Kryhin concluded.

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Explore the Future of Gravity Research!

A groundbreaking study challenges conventional physics by exploring how stochastic fluctuations could distinguish classical and quantum gravity. Discover how researchers are redefining our understanding of gravity's fundamental nature!

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Gravity from Entropy: A Bold New Theory Bridging Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Introduction

Professor Ginestra Bianconi, an applied mathematics expert at Queen Mary University of London, presents a pioneering framework in Physical Review D that could redefine the link between gravity and quantum mechanics.

The Study Overview: Gravity from Quantum Relative Entropy

The study, Gravity from Entropy, presents and innovative framework that derives gravity from quantum relative entropy, offering a potential bridge between quantum mechanics and Einstein's general relativity—two historically conflicting theories.

Challenges in Unifying Quantum Gravity

The Struggle to Integrate Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Physicists have long grappled with the challenge of unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity—two foundational but seemingly incompatible theories. While quantum mechanics dictates particle behavior at microscopic scales, general relativity governs gravitational forces on a cosmic level. Bridging this theoretical divide remains one of the greatest challenges in modern physics.

Professor Bianconi's Groundbreaking Framework

Reinterpreting the Spacetime Metric as a Quantum Operator

Professor Bianconi's research introduces a novel framework in which the spacetime metric—central to general relativity—is reinterpreted as a quantum operator. By leveraging quantum relative entropy, a principle from quantum information theory, this approach provides new insights into the relationship between spacetime geometry and matter.

The Role of Entropy and the G-field

Entropic Action and Deviations in Spacetime Metrics

The research presents an entropic action framework that measures the deviation between spacetime metrics and those influenced by matter fields.

Modifying Einstein's Equations and Predicting a Cosmological Constant

This framework modifies Einstein's equations, which, under low coupling conditions—characterized by low energy and minimal curvature—converge to classical general relativity. Crucially, it also predicts a small, positive cosmological constant, aligning more accurately with observed cosmic acceleration than alternative theories.

The G-field and its Role in Gravity and Dark Matter

This theory introduces the G-field, an auxiliary field serving as a Lagrangian multiplier. It not only refines the structure of modified gravitational equations but also provides a new theoretical avenue for understanding dark matter, whose elusive nature remains one of modern physics' greatest challenges.

Wider Implications and Future Directions

Quantum Gravity and the Unification of Theoretical Physics

This research carries significant implications, offering a novel connection between gravity and quantum information theory. It paves the way for a potential unification of quantum gravity while also providing fresh perspectives on the elusive nature of dark matter.

The Emergent Cosmological Constant and Expanding Our Understanding of the Universe

"Our research suggests that quantum gravity originates from entropic principles, with the G-field potentially serving as a candidate for dark matter," states Professor Bianconi. "Furthermore, our model's emergent cosmological constant may bridge the gap between theoretical predictions and observed cosmic expansion."

The Future of This Theory and Its Potential Impact

While further investigation is necessary to comprehensively assess this theory's implications, the study constitutes a pivotal stride toward deciphering the fundamental nature of the cosmos.

Disrupting Traditional Paradigms in Physics

Professor Bianconi's research disrupts traditional paradigms, introducing novel avenues for inquiry. By conceptualizing spacetime as a quantum entity and harnessing entropy within spacetime metrics, this work offers profound insights into gravity, quantum mechanics, and the cosmos.

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Quantum Insights Extend Classical Black Hole Inequalities into New Realms

The latest study in Physical Review Letters examines quantum effects on black hole thermodynamics and geometry, offering quantum perspective on two established classical inequalities.

Classical Framework and Quantum Enhancements

The classical framework rooted in Einstein's general theory of relativity has provided significant insights into black holes, but it fails to incorporate quantum phenomena such as Hawking radiation.

The objective of this research was to augment classical theories through the inclusion of quantum effects, improving the comprehension of black hole dynamics.

Research Team

The project was carried out by a team of experts:

• Dr. Antonia M. Frassino, a Marie Curie Fellow at SISSA in Italy
• Dr. Robie Hennigar, Assistant Professor and Willmore Fellow at Durham University in the UK
• Dr. Juan F. Pedraza, Assistant Professor at the Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Spain
• Dr. Andrew Svesko, a Research Associate at King's College London in the UK

The researchers spoke to Phys.org about their study on quantum inequalities and their role in understanding black hole dynamics.

Insights from the Research Team

• Dr. Frassino, explaining the impetus for the research, said, "My interest in black hole thermodynamics originated during my Ph.D. Through this project, we were able to develop universal bounds to aid studies of quantum effects in curved spacetime."
• Dr. Hennigar explained, "I've been researching the impact of quantum effects on black holes for years, and lately, my work has expanded to investigate their role in gravitational singularities."
• Dr. Pedraza explained, "Black holes have been the focus of my research for 15 years, and recent developments in holography have provided a more controlled framework for studying quantum effects in black hole physics."
• Dr. Svesko stated, "Throughout most of my career, I've been fascinated by quantum effects on black holes as a pathway to understanding quantum gravity, and I've now found the right team and method to address this challenge."

The Conjecture of Cosmic Censorship

At the heart of a black hole lies a singularity, a point of infinite density, where the breakdown of quantum mechanics and gravity poses significant challenges to our understanding of physics.

The cosmic censorship conjecture posits that singularities are concealed within the event horizons of black holes, which represent the boundary beyond which light cannot escape the immense gravitational pull.

The conjecture plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of physical laws in the universe by ensuring that naked singularities are not visible, thereby averting any disruption in our comprehension of physics.

Violations in Classical Physics

In certain cases, classical physics does not uphold cosmic censorship. For instance, in a three-dimensional setting (two spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension), naked conical singularities may emerge.

In these situations, researchers suggest that quantum effects could conceal singularities by forming event horizons. This brings us to the Penrose inequality, which offers a framework for exploring the connection between black hole horizons and spacetime mass.

-The Penrose Inequality, along with its reverse isoperimetric variant-

Penrose Inequality and Its Quantum Extension

The Classical Penrose Inequality

"In broad terms, the Penrose inequality sets a lower bound on the mass present in spacetime, bases on the area of the black hole horizons within that spacetime," the researchers explained.

In other words, the classical Penrose inequality draws a connection between the mass of a black hole and the surface area of its event horizon, placing a lower bound on the minimum mass the black hole can have.

Quantum Penrose Inequality

The quantum Penrose inequality builds on this concept, offering a potential bound on spacetime energy, incorporating both black hole and quantum matter entropy. Efforts to extend this inequality into the quantum domain have been explored in four or more dimensions but face computational challenges.

Reverse Isoperimetric Inequality

A closely related concepts, the reverse isoperimentric inequality, establishes a connection between the volume inside a black hole's event horizon and its surface area. Similar to the Penrose inequality, there is an ongoing effort to extend this principle into the quantum domain.

Previous efforts faced difficulties when applied to three-dimensional scenarios, achieving success only for small perturbations. Additionally, handling strong quantum backreactions has proven to be a significant challenge.

Challenges in Quantum Backreaction

Backreaction is the phenomenon where matter and energy influence the curvature of spacetime, as explained by Einstein's theory of general relativity. Essentially, it describes the reciprocal interaction between matter, energy, and the geometry of spacetime.

Holographic Theory in The Context of Braneworld Cosmology

Braneworld Holography and AdS/CFT Correspondence

In their study of quantum black holes, the researchers applied a framework based on braneworld holography, commonly known as double holography.

Braneworld holography utilizes the holographic principle to derive precise solutions to semi-classical gravitational equations, incorporating backreaction at all levels. According to the researchers, this is the only known approach ot address this issue in three, and potentially higher, dimensions.

The researchers built upon the AdS/CFT correspondence to explore quantum corrections in AdS space. AdS, or Anti-de Sitter space, is a spacetime characterized by negative curvature, often used to study gravitational theories related to black holes. CFT, or Conformal Field Theory, is a quantum field theory that examines the behavior of fundamental particles without the effects of gravity.

The AdS/CFT correspondence proposes a duality that links the study of gravity in AdS space to the behavior of fundamental particles in lower-dimensional spaces. Essentially, this allows us to investigate gravity by analyzing quantum fields in reduced dimensions and vice versa.

Additionally, AdS space affords a well-structured framework for examining black holes and singularities at the boundary.

BTZ Black Holes

Their primary focus was on BTZ (Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli) black holes, which exist in three-dimensional spacetime within AdS space. BTZ black holes serve as an effective model for exploring quantum corrections and backreaction effects, owing to their simplicity and well-understood properties in the holographic framework.

The holographic method allows the researchers to incorporate quantum backreactions, which represent the influence of quantum matter on the curvature of spacetime.

Expanding Classical Inequalities with Quantum Effects

Quantum Penrose Inequality and Quantum Cosmic Censorship

The researchers effectively expanded the classical Penrose and reverse isoperimetric inequalities to incorporate quantum effects, ensuring their validity for all known black holes in three-dimensional AdS space, even in the presence of any quantum backreaction.

The quantum Penrose inequality proposes a version of quantum cosmic censorship.

Entropy and Quantum Information Theory

"This study presents two bounds that are applicable not only to black hole entropy but also to generalized entropy,  incorporating both the entropy of the black hole and the surrounding matter fields,"

"According to the research, should the entropy of both black holes and matter exceed the overall energy of spacetime, it would lead to the formation of a naked singularity," the team clarified.

Reverse Isoperimetric Inequality and Superentropic Black Holes

The researchers explored how dimensional reduction impacts the inequalities, suggesting the possibility of deriving Penrose-type inequalities for two-dimensional dilatonic black holes but also recognizing the difficulty of obtaining exact solutions for braneworld black holes in higher-dimensional contexts.

Regarding the reverse isoperimetric inequality, the researchers determined that black holes violating this inequality, referred to as superentropic black holes, exhibit thermodynamic instability. Even with the influence of quantum effects, the stability of black holes remains largely dependent on their thermodynamic volume.

Implications for Quantum Information Theory

On the influence of their research on quantum information theory, the researchers explained, "The quantum Penrose inequality and the quantum isoperimetric inequality, both of our results, can be viewed as entropy bounds."

"Entropy is fundamentally tied to information theory, and as such, we offer evidence for intrinsic bounds in quantum information theory when gravity is involved. It is entirely conceivable that these concepts could influence quantum information."

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