magnetic lyddane sachs teller discovery

New Magnetic Discovery: Unraveling the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation's Counterpart

Understanding the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation

Materials exhibit distinct interactions with electromagnetic fields, revealing their structural and intrinsic properties. The Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation describes the correlation between a material's static and dynamic dielectric constants—parameters defining its response to external and absent electric fields—and the vibrational modes of its crystal lattice, characterized by resonance frequencies.

Origin of the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation

Originally formulated by physicists Lyddane, Sachs, and Teller in 1941, this theoretical framework has become a cornerstone of solid-state physics and materials science. It has significantly contributed to understanding material properties, facilitating the development of advanced electronic devices.

Expanding the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation into Magnetism

A research team at Lund University has expanded the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation into the domain of magnetism, revealing a fundamental connection between a material's static permeability—its steady-state response to magnetic fields—and its magnetic resonance frequencies. Their findings, published in Physical Review Letters, introduce new avenues for exploring magnetic materials.

Insight from Prof. Mathias Schubert

"My supervisor, Prof. Mathias Schubert, had previously investigated the interaction between electric fields and phonons, leading him to hypothesize a similar connection in the realm of magnetic fields and materials. This study was driven by that insight," said Viktor Rindert, the paper's first author, in an interview with publisher.

Developing the THz-EPR-GSE Technique for Measurement

Our development of terahertz ellipsometer, capable of detecting polarization response, provided the opportunity to explore this phenomenon. Using this advanced tool, we systematically tested the hypothesis, ultimately uncovering the Magnetic Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation.

What is the Magnetic Lyddane-Sachs-Teller Relation?

The Magnetic Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation, recently introduced by Rindert and his team, serves as a magnetic counterpart to the classical construct formulated by Lyddane, Sachs, and Teller. Rather than describing a material's response to an external electric field, it establishes a connection between its static (DC) and dynamic (AC) responses when subjected to magnetic fields.

Validation of the Magnetic Relation

"This relation establishes a direct link between a material's magnetic resonance frequencies and its static permeability," Rindert explained. "To validate this framwork, we employed our newly developed THz-EPR-GSE method to measure magnetic resonance frequencies and cross-referenced our findings with SQUID magnetometry, a widely recognized and highly precise technique."

Experimental Validation and Findings

Using THz-EPR-GSE to Measure Magnetic Resonance Frequencies

To validate this relation, the researchers employed a state-of-the-art optical techniqe developed in their laboratory—THz-EPR-GSE—to measure the magnetic resonance frequencies of an iron-doped gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor. Their findings provided conclusive evidence supporting the predicted Magnetic Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation.

Exploring Magnetic Excitations and Semiconductor Materials

The relation discovered by Rindert and his team offers a powerful framework for exploring magnetic excitations in semiconductors and other magnetically active materials. Its implications could drive future innovations in electronic devices and their fundamental components.

Future Directions in Magneto-Optics

"Our research establishes a novel fundamental relation in magneto-optics, particularly benefiting those investigating antiferromagnetic and altermagnetic materials," Rindert noted. "While our long-term direction continues to develop, our current priority is leveraging the THz-GSE-EPR technique to explore paramagnetic point defects in ultrawide band gap semiconductors.

Significance for Power Electronics

This study holds significant relevance for power electronics, where these materials play a crucial role in improving both performance and efficiency.

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hexagonal synthetic diamond hardness record

Hexagonal Synthetic Diamond Sets New Record for Hardness, Surpassing Natural Diamonds

Breakthrough in Diamond Synthesis by International Team

An international team of physicists, materials scientists and engineers, collaborating with Umeå University in Sweden, has successfully grown a synthetic diamond that surpasses natural diamonds in hardness. Their groundbreaking work, published in Nature Materials, involves a process that heats and compresses graphite to produce the advanced material.

Diamonds: From Aesthetic to Industrial Use

Renowned for their brilliance, diamonds have been highly valued throughout human history. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, their exceptional hardness has made them indispensable in industrial applications such as drilling. These unique properties sustain their high market value, prompting scientists to develop synthetic alternatives. Today, a wide range of lab-grown diamonds is commercially available.

The Quest for Harder Diamonds with Hexagonal Lattice Structures

Scientists have long sought to create harder diamonds by engineering hexagonal lattice structures instead of the conventional cubic formations found in both natural and synthetic diamonds. However, previous efforts have yielded hexagonal diamonds that were either too smaller or lacked the necessary purity for practical applications.

New Method for Growing Synthetic Hexagonal Diamonds

In an effort to refine diamond synthesis, the research team devised a process that subjected graphene to extreme heat within a high-pressure chamber. By optimizing the experimental settings, they successfully grew synthetic diamonds with a hexagonal lattice.

Extraordinary Properties of the New Hexagonal Diamond

Exceptional Durability and Thermal Stability

The group's initial synthesized diamond, measuring in the millimeter range, exhibited remarkable durability under 155 GPa of pressure and maintained thermal stability up to 1,100°C—significantly surpassing natural diamonds, which typically endure pressures between 70 and 100 GPa and temperatures up to 700°C.

Potential Industrial Applications for Hexagonal Synthetic Diamonds

According to the researchers, diamonds produced through this technique are not intended for ornamental use but rather for industrial applications such as drilling and machining. Additionally, they highlight potential uses in data storage and thermal regulation.

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stable superconductivity ambient pressure

Physicists Achieve Stable Superconductivity at Ambient Pressure

Breakthrough in Ambient-Pressure Superconductivity

Researchers at the University of Houston's Texas Center for Superconductivity have reached another groundbreaking milestone in their pursuit of ambient-pressure high-temperature superconductivity, advancing the quest for superconductors that function in real-world conditions and paving the way for next-generation energy-efficient technologies.

Investigating Superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST)

Research by Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Wu Chu

Professors Liangzi Deng and Paul Ching-Chu of the UH Department of Physics investigated the induction of superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃ (BST) under pressure while preserving its chemical and structural properties, as detailed in their study, "Creation, stabilization, and investigation at ambient pressure of pressure-induced superconductivity in Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃" published in the Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences.

Link Between Pressure, Topology, and Superconductivity

"The idea that high-pressure treatment of BST might reconfigure its Fermi surface topology and enhance thermoelectric performance emerged in 2001," Deng stated. "That intricate relationship between pressure, topology and superconductivity drew our interest."

Challenges in High-Pressure Superconductors

Metastable States and Practical Limitations

"As materials scientist Pol Duwez once observed, most industrially significant solids exist in a metastable state," Chu explained. "The challenge lies in the fat that many of the most intriguing superconductors require high pressure to function, making them difficult to analyze and even more challenging to implement in real-world applications."

Deng and Chu's innovation offers a solution to this pressing issue.

The Pressure-Quench Protocol (PQP) - A Key Innovation

Deng and Chu pioneered the pressure-quench protocol (PQP), a method introduced in an October UH news release, to stabilize BST's superconducting states at ambient pressure—removing the necessity for high-pressure environments.

Significance of This Discovery

A Novel Approach to Material Phases

Why is this significant? It introduces a novel approach to preserving valuable material phases that typically require high-pressure conditions, enabling both fundamental research and practical applications.

Evidence of High-Pressure Phase Stability

"This experiment provides clear evidence that high-pressure-induced phases can be stabilized at ambient pressure through a delicate electronic transition, without altering symmetry," Chu stated. "This breakthrough opens new possibilities for preserving valuable material phases typically confined to high-pressure conditions and could aid in the quest for superconductors with higher transition temperatures."

Exploring New States of Matter

"Remarkably, this experiment unveiled a groundbreaking method for identigying new states of matter that neither naturally exist at ambient pressure nor emerge under high-pressure conditions," Deng noted. "It underscores PQP's potential as a powerful tool for mapping and expanding material phase diagrams."

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Physicists at the University of Houston have unlocked a new path to stable superconductivity at ambient pressure, paving the way for next-generation energy-efficient technologies. This revolutionary advancement could transform materials science, energy storage, and beyond.

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terahertz pulses in non-chiral crystals

Terahertz Pulses Create chirality in Non-Chiral Crystals

Understanding Chirality in Crystals

Chirality describes objects that cannot be perfectly aligned with their images, regardless of rotations or translations—similar to how left and right human hands differ. In chiral crystals, the atomic arrangement imparts a unique "handedness," affecting properties such as optical behavior and electrical conductivity.

Research Focus: Antiferro-Chiral Crystals

Characteristics of Antiferro-Chiral Crystals

A research collaboration between Hamburg and Oxford has studied antiferro-chiral crystals, a type of non-chiral structure analogous to antiferromagnetic materials, where magnetic moments anti-align in a staggered pattern, resulting in no net magnetization.

Composition of Antiferro-Chiral Crystals

These crystals contain equal proportions of left-and right-handed substructures within a unit cell, making them overall non-chiral.

Breakthrough: Inducing Chirality with Terahertz Light

Key Researchers and Their Approach

The research group, headed by Andrea Cavalleri from the Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, utilized terahertz light to disrupt the balance of the non-chiral material boron phosphate (BPO₄), thereby inducing finite chirality on an ultrafast timescale.

Published Findings

This research has been published in Science by the team.

Nonlinear Phononics: A Game-Changing Mechanism

Explanation of the Methodology

"As part of our approach, we utilize a concept known as  nonlinear phononics," say Zhiyang Zeng, lead author. "By stimulating a particular terahertz frequency vibrational mode, which displaces the crystal lattice along the axes of other modes, we were able to create a chiral state that lasts for several picoseconds," he further explains.

Selective Induction of Chirality

"Significantly by rotating the polarization of her terahertz light by 90 degrees, we were able to selectively induce either a left-or right-handed chiral structure," adds co-author Michael Forst.

Potential Applications and Future Prospects

"This discovery paves the way for dynamic control of matter at the atomic scale," says Cavalleri, group leader at the MPSD.

Advancing Technological Innovations

"We are eager to explore the potential applications of this technology and its capacity to create novel functionalities. The ability to induce chirality in non-chiral materials opens up possibilities for ultrafast memory devices and more advanced optoelectronic platforms."

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quantum geometry in solid state physics

First Measurement of Quantum Geometry Marks a New Era in Quantum Physics

Introduction to Quantum Geometry in Solids

For the first time, MIT physicists and collaborators have directly measured the quantum-level geometry of electrons in solids. While the energies and velocities of electrons in crystalline materials are well-studied, their quantum geometry has previously been accessible only through theoretical inferences or remained unobservable.

Opening New Avenues in Quantum Physics

Riccardo Comin, MIT's Class of 1947 Career Development Associate Professor of Physics and lead researcher, describes the study, published in the November 25 issue of Nature Physics, as opening "new avenues for understanding and manipulating the quantum properties of materials."

A New Framework for Quantum Research

"We've effectively created a framework for accessing entirely new information that was previously unattainable," says Comin, who is also affiliated with MIT's Materials Research Laboratory and Research Laboratory of Electronics.

Broad Implications of the Research

Mingu Kang, the first author of the Nature Physics paper and a Kavli Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell's Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, states that the research "has the potential to be applied to any type of quantum material, not just the one we studied." Kang, an MIT Ph.D. graduate (2023), conducted the work as a graduate student at MIT.

Kang's Contribution to the Research

Kang was invited to write a Research Briefing on the study and its implications, which was featured in the November 25 issue of Nature Physics.

An Uncanny World: The Wave Function in Quantum Physics

In the peculiar realm of quantum physics, an electron is described as both a localized point in space and a wave-like entity. Central to this work is a fundamental concept known as a wave function, which captures the letter. "You can imagine its as a surface within a three-dimensional space," explains Comin.

The Complexity of Wave Functions

Wave functions come in various forms, from the simple to the intricate. Imagine a ball—this represents a simple or trivial wave function. Now, envision a Mobius strip, a structure famously depicted by M.C. Escher in his artwork. This akin to a complex or non-trivial wave function. The quantum world is populated with materials made up of the latter.

Quantum Geometry: From Theory to Experiment

Until now, the quantum geometry of wave functions could only be inferred through theory, and in some cases, it wasn't understood at all. This property has become increasingly significant as physicists discover more quantum materials with potential applications, ranging from quantum computing to advanced electronic and magnetic devices.

ARPES: A Groundbreaking Technique

The MIT team addressed the issue using a method known as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Comin, Kang, and their colleagues had previously employed this technique in other research. For instance, in 2022, they used ARPES to uncover the "secret sauce" behind the unique properties of a new quantum material called kagome metal. This work was also published in Nature Physics.

Assessing Quantum Geometry in Kagome Metal

In this study, the team modified ARPES to assess the quantum geometry of a kagome metal.

Intensive Partnerships and Collaboration

Kang  points out that the new skill to measure the quantum geometry of materials comes from the effective partnership between theorists and experimentalists.

The Impact of the COVID Pandemic on the Research

The COVID pandemic also played a role. Kang, originally from South Korea, was residing there during the pandemic. "This made it easier to collaborate with theorists in South Korea," says Kang, and experimentalist.

A Unique Opportunity for Comin

The pandemic also created a unique opportunity for Comin. He traveled to Italy to assist with ARPES experiments at the Italian Light Source Elettra, a national laboratory. Although the lab had been closed during the pandemic, it was beginning to reopen when Comin arrived.

Overcoming Challenges During the Pandemic

However, Comin found himself alone when Kang tested positive for COVID and was unable to join him. As a result, he ended up conducting the experiments on his own, with the support of local scientists.

A Personal Reflection from Comin

"As a professor, I oversee projects, but it is the students and postdocs who execute the work. This is essentially the final study where i was directly involved in the experiments," he explains.

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theory shape photon quantum interaction

Groundbreaking Theory Unveils the Shape of a Single Photon

Introduction to the Theory of Photon Geometry

Researchers have introduced a groundbreaking theory on quantum-level light-matter interaction, allowing them to accurately define the precise geometry of a single photon for the first time.

Research from the University of Birmingham, featured in Physical Review Letters, provides groundbreaking insights into photon emission by atoms and molecules and their environmental shaping.

The Complexity of Light-Matter Interaction

This interaction's intrinsic complexity allows light to exist and propagate through its environment in infinite ways. However, this vast potential poses significant challenges for modeling, which quantum physicists have been tackling for decades.

Overcoming Challenges in Photon Modeling

By categorizing these possibilities into defined groups, the Birmingham team developed a model that captures both the photon-emitter interactions and the energy propagation into the distant "far field."

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Simultaneously, their calculations enabled them to create a visual representation of the photon itself.

The First Image of a Photon

Transforming a Solvable Problem into a Revolutionary Discovery

Dr. Benjamin Yuen, lead author from the University's School of Physics, shared, "Our calculations transformed a previously insurmountable problem into a solvable one. Remarkably, this process also yielded the first-ever image of a photon in physics."

Implications for Future Technologies

This research holds significant value as it pave the way for advancements in quantum physics and material science. By precisely characterizing photon interactions with matter and their environment, scientists can develop innovative nanophotonic technologies to revolutionize secure communication, pathogen detection, and molecular-level chemical control.

The Role of Environment in Photon Emission

Professor Angela Demetriadou, co-author from the University of Birmingham, states, "The geometry and optical properties of the environment significantly influence photon emission, determining their shape, color, and even the probability of their existence."

Unlocking New Understanding in Light-Matter Energy Transfer

From Noise to Valuable Information

Dr. Benjamin Yuen further explained, "This research enhances our understanding of the energy transfer between light and matter, and provides insights into how light radiates into both nearby and distant environments. Much of this data was once considered mere 'noise,' but we've now unlocked valuable information that we can interpret and apply."

The Path Forward: Engineering Light-Matter Interactions

"By gaining this understanding, we lay the groundwork for engineering light-matter interactions in future technologies, such as advanced sensors, more efficient photovoltaic cells, and quantum computing."

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Advancing Human-Machine Interfaces: Innovation in Graphene Aerogels and Metamaterials

Introduction

Over the past few years, scientists have synthesized cutting-edge materials, such as graphene aerogels, with potential applications in sophisticated robotic devices and human-machine interfaces.

Challenges with Graphene Aerogels

Despite graphene aerogels possessing favorable properties such as minimal weight, high porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity, engineers have faced challenges in utilizing them for pressure sensors due to their inherently stiff microstructure, which restricts strain sensing performance.

Novel Fabrication Technique

Collaborative Research Effort

Researchers from Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northumbria University (UK), UCLA, and the University of Alberta have recently developed a novel fabrication technique for aerogel metamaterials, addressing existing limitations.

Key Findings

This approach, detailed in Nanoletters, results in a graphene oxide-based aerogel metamaterial that demonstrates exceptional sensitivity to human touch and movement.

Insights from the Research Team

Curiosity-Driven Discovery

"The research originated from my student's curiosity, who noticed an unusual structural change in a specific plane's cross-section," explained Dr. Ben Xu, co-author of the paper, in an interview. "This anisotropic phase change piqued our interest, and we soon realized its potential to enable a directional pressure sensing function."

Fabrication Strategy

The researchers' strategy for synthesizing graphene oxide-based metamaterials encompasses two main phases:

1. Freeze Drying: A dehydration technique.
2. Annealing: A heat treatment process.

Structural Configuration

"The pre-solution also includes a specialized chemical that serves as a 'glue' for graphene, aiding in the construction of the honeycomb-like cross section," Dr. Xu explained. "The structural configuration on the designated planed is achieved through thermal annealing, which can be fine-tuned using micro- and nano-mechanics. Remarkably, the buckled cross section was accomplished on the first attempt with this straightforward approach."

Characteristics of the CCS-rGO Aerogel Metamaterial

Utilizing their proposed fabrication strategy, Dr. Xu and colleagues synthesized a CCS-rGO aerogel metamaterial with anisotropic cross-linking. The material exhibited remarkable directional hyperelasticity, excellent durability, superior mechanical and electrical properties, an extended sensing range, and a high sensitivity to external stimuli, measured at 121.45 kPa¯¹.

Ongoing Research and Future Applications

Multidisciplinary Focus

"Our ongoing research spans multiple disciplines, focusing on areas such as functional materials, energy technologies, sustainable engineering, healthcare innovations, materials chemistry, responsive materials and surfaces, as well as micro-engineering," explained Dr. Xu.

Advancements in Healthcare and Technology

Dr. Xu's team at Northumbria University is now focusing on further research to develop novel metamaterials for various technological applications. Their fabrication approach could, in the future, enable the synthesis of graphene oxide-based aerogels, significantly advancing human-machine interfaces in healthcare and prosthetic devices.

Future Directions: Wind Energy Applications

Another area of advancement for these sensors lies in the field of wind energy.

"We have been dedicating significant attention to functional materials and engineering technology within the offshore wind energy sector," Dr. Xu stated. "Additionally, we look forward to integrating our materials and sensor research into the newly awarded EU COST Action CA23155, which aims to enhance novel ocean tribology. This project centered on offshore wind energy, aligning with the global goal of achieving net zero and sustainability."

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