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Quantum Entanglement Gets Its Own Second Law — Two Centuries After Carnot Establishing a Second Law for Quantum Systems Just over two centuries after the French physicist Sadi Carnot laid down the second law of thermodynamics, an international research team has now revealed an equivalent principle for quantum systems. This newly established second law of entanglement manipulation shows that, akin to heat or energy in classical thermodynamics, quantum entanglemen t can be reversibly manipulated — an idea that had long remained contentious. The research , appearing in Physical Review Letters on 2 July 2025, advances our understanding of the fundamentals of entanglement and delivers key guidance on how best to handle entanglement and related quantum phenomena in real-world settings. Entanglement —A Hallmark and Resource of Quantum Mechanics Defining Entanglement and Its Historical Context Entanglement is widely regarded as the defining hallmark of quantum mechanics. When two microscopic p...

Quantum Insights Extend Classical Black Hole Inequalities into New Realms The latest study in Physical Review Letters  examines quantum effects on black hole thermodynamics and geometry, offering quantum pers pective on two established classical inequalities. Classical Framework and Quantum Enhancements The classical framework rooted in Einstein's general theory of relativity has  provided significant insights into black holes, but it fails to incor porate quantum  phenomena such as Hawking radiation. The objective of this research was to augment classical theories through the inclusion of quantum effects, im proving the com prehension of black hole dynamics. Research Team The  project was carried out by a team of ex perts: Dr. Antonia M. Frassino , a Marie Curie Fellow at SISSA in Italy Dr. Robie Hennigar , Assistant Professor and Willmore Fellow at Durham University in the UK Dr. Juan F. Pedraza , Assistant Professor at the Instituto de F í s i ca Te ó rica ...