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CERN Scientists Observe Quark Wake in Primordial Plasma, Revealing How the Universe First Flowed Just after the Big Bang , the newborn universe was an intensely hot sea of quarks and gluons , heated to- trillions of degrees . These particles shot around at near light speed , forming a fleeting substance called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) that existed for only millionths of a second . As temperatures fell, the plasma cooled and condensed, giving rise to protons, neutrons and the fundamental matter that makes up the universe today. Related cosmic and physics coverage Recreating the Universe's First Moments at CERN Scientists at CERN's Large Hadron Collider are now recreating this early cosmic state to better understand how the universe began. By colliding heavy ions enormous energies, they can momentarily recreate quark-gluon plasma and study matter as it existed in the universe's first instants . More science and environment research Breakthrough Discovery of Quark Wake Effe...

Fluids at Light Speed: How New Research Extends Einstein's Theory to Real Liquids Introduction: S p ecial Relativity and Its Sur prising Conce pts The theory of s pecial relativity  presents numerous sur prising conce pts, with length contraction and time dilation being among the most well-known. When an object moves at a substantial fraction of the s peed of light relative to an observer, its length as  perceived in the travel direction will a p pear com pressed com pared to its stationary frame. The Lorentz Factor: Understanding Length Contraction What is the Lorentz Factor? S pecifically, the object's observed length will be reduced by a factor equivalent to the reci procal of the Lorentz Factor. This factor de pends solely on the relative velocity between the object and the observer as well as the s peed of light. As the Lorentz factor is always one or greater it results in the "length contraction" effect. Ex ploring Relativistic Effects Beyond Time and Length Cou...